Past exam of the short options paper shared by Prelims and Parts A and B of the physics course of the University of Oxford / 2015 / S1 / 1 / 2

Use the positive orientation shown in the source: the upper bank runs outwards and the lower bank returns towards one. On those banks the logarithm branch has values $\ell -i\pi$ and $\ell +i\pi$, respectively, with $\ell =\log (x-1)$. Their squared difference is $-4i\pi \ell$. The residue theorem therefore givesand henceThe large-circle contribution is $O(R^{-2}{\log }^{2}R)$ and the small circle about one contributes $O(\epsilon |\log \epsilon {|}^2)$, both tending to zero. These estimates justify replacing the closed contour integral by its two cut-bank integrals.