Past exam of the theoretical physics II course of the University of Cambridge / 2017 / 2 / e

For $\mathbf{B}=B{\mathbf{e}}_z$, the quantum Gibbs state is diagonal in the $S_z$ basis. Its two probabilities are proportional to $e^{\pm \beta \gamma \hslash B/2}$. ThusAt small inverse temperature, $⟨S_z⟩\simeq \beta \gamma {\hslash }^{2}B/4$. As a function of $u=\beta \gamma \hslash B/2$, the normalized spin component is the smooth odd curve $\tanh u$: it crosses zero at $u=0$ and saturates at $\pm 1$. As a function of $\beta$ its direction is reversed if $\gamma B<0$. For $\gamma B>0$, positive temperature favors $S_z=+\hslash /2$, while negative temperature gives the inverted population.