A seismometer compares ground motion with the motion of an inertial test mass. A mechanical seismograph records their relative displacement. Its frequency response depends on the suspension and on which relative or absolute velocity enters the damping law.
A sensor of ground motion, commonly giving an electrical response proportional to particle velocity over a specified frequency band. Three-component geophones record different motion directions and can help distinguish P- and S-wave responses. Ground coupling and orientation are essential for interpreting amplitudes and seismic reflection polarity.
An underwater acoustic pressure sensor. A hydrophone streamer records fluid P waves; observing ground S waves directly instead requires coupled solid-motion sensors.

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