Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2009 iii Paper 22 2 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
We construct a family by seven-triangle Dirichlet transplantation. Start with a scalene triangle sufficiently close to an equilateral triangle. Its three side lengths are the three independent parameters; restrict to an open set where its angles are distinct and lie between and . Label the sides opposite the corresponding vertices .
For each of two planar domains, begin with tile and attach the remaining congruent copies by Euclidean reflection across the indicated sides. The attachment tables areFor example, in the first row means to reflect tile across its side to obtain tile . Both attachment graphs are trees: there is a central tile with three arms, each consisting of two tiles. Every side not used in the table is an exterior boundary side.
At the equilateral triangle, these seven reflected tile interiors are disjoint; at each central vertex four sectors of angle meet, leaving an exterior gap . Other boundary vertices have angles or , and distinct nonincident pieces are separated. The positive angular gaps and separations persist under sufficiently small perturbations of the three side lengths. Thus this construction really gives connected polygonal planar domains on an open three-dimensional parameter set. Their only reentrant vertices are the central vertices , with interior angles ; all other boundary angles are one or two triangle angles and are less than .
Because these three reentrant angles are distinct, an isometry of the two planar domains would send each labelled central vertex to its counterpart. A planar isometry is the restriction of a Euclidean rigid motion: its differential preserves the Euclidean connection, hence is constant on the connected domain. After aligning the central triangles, such a motion fixes three noncollinear points and is the identity. But the domains are not identical. On the arm attached to side , the point construction attaches the last tile across side , whereas the line construction attaches it across side . The former side is therefore interior in one domain and exterior in the other. This proves the two domains are nonisometric throughout this three-parameter family.
Two noncongruent seven-triangle domains with identical Dirichlet spectra; matching colours label matching sides
. Details. We now prove equality of the Dirichlet Laplacian spectra, including multiplicities. Index by the nonzero binary vectors , with integer label . The transformationsare involutions over . Their point permutations are precisely the transpositions in the left attachment table, with the remaining points fixed. On covectors the inverse-transpose transformations give permutations with exactly the right table. Let be the point-line incidence matrix of a set system of the Fano plane:The incidence relation is invariant under transforming and its covector contragrediently, so for all three sides. Each point lies on three lines, and two distinct points lie on exactly one common line. Consequentlywhere is the all-ones matrix. Its eigenvalues are once and six times, so is invertible.
The Dirichlet boundary condition requires a sign change at an unglued side. Give each tile the sign and putThe signs alternate across each glued side in both domains. The signed side matrices are thereforeThey have entry across a glued pair and entry on a fixed exterior tile. The invertible seven-triangle Dirichlet transplantation matrix satisfiesThis is an actual Dirichlet boundary condition intertwiner, not merely the unsigned incidence relation.
To justify the spectral conclusion even at the reentrant corners, use the closed Dirichlet energy form. Pull a function on either domain back to its seven reference triangles and write its components as a vector . The form domain consists of components whose side traces agree on glued pairs and vanish on exterior sides; equivalently on each side for the point domain, and for the line domain. These trace conditions exactly characterize of the glued polygon. Both its norm and its Dirichlet energy are the sums of their seven reference-tile integrals.
Since the signed side matrices are symmetric, the intertwining identities also give . Thus commutes with every , and the polar factoris an orthogonal matrix with . Multiplication of the component vector by this constant matrix preserves the inner product and the integrated squared gradients, and maps the two form domains bijectively. The self-adjoint operators associated with these forms are consequently unitarily equivalent, so their eigenvalues and multiplicities agree. The eigenfunctions are smooth in the interiors; no unwarranted smoothness at polygonal corners is required. We have proved
