For a Lorentzian metric and timelike , put and . The Euler-Lagrange equations of give , while those of give . Taking removes the latter tangential acceleration and gives a unit timelike tangent. Thus the two actions have the same geodesic images; the quadratic action singles out an affine parameter. They do not have the same solutions for an arbitrary fixed parameter: , , , in Minkowski spacetime solves the length equation but not the energy equation. Null curves are excluded since .
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