Urology

Historical description of transient functional obstruction attributed to muscular spasm. It must be distinguished from a fixed fibrotic urethral stricture and from other causes of urinary retention.

Historical mechanical crushing of a bladder stone with an instrument introduced through the urethra. It must not be equated with later external shock-wave treatment.

Operative extraction of a stone through an incision; the present historical discussion concerns a bladder stone.

A stone formed in the urinary tract; symptoms and treatment depend on its composition, location, obstruction and associated infection.

Injury affecting renal tubular cells, assessed with the clinical course, renal function and other findings.

Inflammation involving the renal interstitium.

Infection involving the urinary tract; a contaminated sample or asymptomatic bacteriuria is not automatically symptomatic infection.