An infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and central to the pandemic discussed in this examination. A study of children's explanations of COVID-19 measures their understanding rather than the biological risk of a particular activity.
A bacterial disease of honeybee brood caused by Paenibacillus larvae. Colony-level disease outcomes are distinct from an individual worker’s immune activity.
A developmental syndrome associated with dysregulation of Ras-controlled signaling. A broad phosphoprotein pattern alone does not establish diagnosis or identify a causal mutation.
A reduced biological response to insulin; it is a property of response, not simply a low insulin concentration. The glucose clamp technique helps separate these quantities.
A prion disease is associated with self-propagating abnormal folding of a protein. Its epidemiological interpretation requires distinguishing exposure, infection, clinical onset and diagnostic detection.
A human prion disease associated with exposure to the BSE agent. Exposure totals and clinical-onset totals measure different stages of the disease process; incubation periods and ascertainment affect their relationship.
A prion disease of sheep and goats. A scrapie test result and a BSE diagnosis are distinct outcomes, even when the clinical appearances overlap.
A prion disease of cattle. A positive surveillance test is an observed diagnostic outcome, whose frequency need not equal true infection prevalence unless test performance and sampling are accounted for.
A chronic disease persists over an extended period. A continuous-time multi-state model can represent its progression through severity states, but long duration alone does not imply irreversible progression or justify ignoring state misclassification.
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Disease is a pathological condition of a bodily part, an organ, or system resulting from various causes, including infection, genetic defects, environmental factors, or lifestyle choices, and is characterized by an identifiable group of signs or symptoms. Diseases can affect the normal functioning of the body and can be acute (short-term and severe) or chronic (long-term and persistent).
