Let , take constant opacity , and prescribe the dynamic viscosity in a Keplerian disk. The pressure supporting the disk may contain both gas pressure and radiation pressure. Combining viscous dissipation and radiative diffusion gives in the vertical mass coordinate of a disk, where . Set , and . With a radiative-zero disk surface, satisfies , . Writing , the density-weighted mean kinematic viscosity is , giving the displayed formula. This calculation does not assume gas-pressure domination: the closure depends on gas pressure while hydrostatic support can be mixed.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2002 iii Paper 46 2 iii Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Set , so and the prescribed dynamic viscosity is . Keplerian shear and radiative diffusion then giveDifferentiating the second expression, equating it to the first and dividing by givesThis reduction uses the gas-pressure viscosity closure, not an assumption that gas pressure dominates the hydrostatic support.
For , introduce the vertical mass coordinate of a diskLet be the full surface density of a reflection-symmetric disk. The upper surface is at . With , the temperature equation becomesWrite and chooseThe equation reduces exactly to . Midplane symmetry gives , and the zero surface temperature gives . The stipulated unique positive nontrivial dimensionless solution therefore applies at every radius and surface density, with all physical dependence contained in and the mass-coordinate scaling. A zero temperature at the ideal surface does not mean zero escaping flux: can have a finite nonzero surface value.
The required viscosity is the density-weighted mean kinematic viscosity, not an unweighted vertical mean. Since ,Substituting the dimensionless solution gives, with ,For central mass , , so the requested explicit radius and surface-density dependence isThe universal integral need not be evaluated. No separate solution for is needed to find this mean: the mass-coordinate transformation removes it from both the temperature equation and the viscosity integral. The result is the gas-pressure viscosity closure with mixed pressure support.