The concept of a "Robinson Crusoe economy" is a theoretical construct used in economics to illustrate fundamental concepts of economics, particularly in the context of individual decision-making and resource allocation. It is named after the character Robinson Crusoe from Daniel Defoe's novel, who is shipwrecked on a deserted island and must make decisions about how to use his limited resources for survival.

Robot ethics is a branch of applied ethics that deals with the moral implications and responsibilities associated with the design, development, deployment, and usage of robots and artificial intelligence (AI). As robots and AI systems become more integrated into various aspects of society, including healthcare, manufacturing, transportation, and personal assistance, ethical considerations regarding their interaction with humans and the environment have become increasingly important.

Ruby Payne-Scott (1912–1981) was an Australian physicist and radio astronomer, recognized as one of the first female radio astronomers. She made significant contributions to the field of astrophysics, particularly in the study of solar radio emissions. Payne-Scott was a pioneer in using radio telescopes to study the Sun and was instrumental in the development of techniques that would later be used in radio astronomy.

Robotic telescopes are telescopes that are operated automatically or remotely without the need for a human on-site to control them. These systems can perform astronomical observations and data collection autonomously, based on pre-set criteria or instructions. They often utilize software that can manage various operations such as pointing, tracking, and data acquisition.

Rock mass plasticity refers to the behavior of rock masses when they undergo irreversible deformations under certain loading conditions. It is typically described within the framework of continuum mechanics, incorporating concepts from both plasticity and geomechanics. In the context of rock mechanics, plasticity models are used to characterize the behavior of rock masses that can experience significant deformation without fracturing, particularly when subjected to high stress levels.

Rodney J. Bartlett is a noted American chemist and professor known for his contributions to theoretical and computational chemistry. He has made significant advancements in the development of methods for electronic structure calculations, particularly in the areas of quantum chemistry. Bartlett is recognized for his work on coupled cluster methods, which are important for accurately predicting the behavior of electrons in molecules. His research has implications for various fields, including materials science, biology, and nanotechnology.

The Rollo Davidson Prize is an award established in 1975 in memory of Rollo Davidson, a promising mathematician who passed away at a young age. The prize is given annually to individuals who have made significant contributions in the field of probability. It specifically aims to recognize innovative research and young researchers who have shown exceptional ability in the area of probability theory and its applications. The prize often highlights work that is considered to be both original and impactful within the statistical community.

The term "Romanian physical chemists" could refer to individuals from Romania who specialize in physical chemistry, which is a branch of chemistry that deals with the physical properties and behavior of chemical systems. This field combines principles from physics and chemistry to study how matter behaves on a molecular and atomic level, often involving topics such as thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, and kinetics. Romania has produced several notable scientists and researchers in the field of chemistry and related disciplines.

Ronald Fisher (1890–1962) was an influential British statistician, geneticist, and evolutionary biologist. He is best known for his contributions to the field of statistics, particularly in the development of key concepts and methodologies that form the foundation of modern statistical theory.

Rose's Law is a concept related to the advancement of technology and innovation, particularly in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. It posits that the capabilities of AI and machine learning systems will improve significantly as more data is generated and processed, leading to exponential advancements in the performance and applications of these technologies. The law is often compared to Moore's Law, which states that the number of transistors on a microchip will double approximately every two years, leading to increased computing power.

A Rowbottom cardinal is a type of large cardinal in set theory, denoted as a cardinal number with certain properties that contribute to the hierarchy of large cardinals. Large cardinals are considered to be strong notions of infinity and have significant implications in the foundations of mathematics, particularly in set theory.

Rüdiger Valk is a German philosopher and a prominent figure in the field of philosophy of science, particularly known for his work on the philosophy of mathematics, logic, and systems theory. He has contributed to discussions on the foundations of mathematics and has explored the implications of logical and mathematical theories for scientific practice.

Ruprecht 44 (also known as RUP 44) is an unusual astronomical object that was classified as a ultrafaint dwarf galaxy. It is located within our Milky Way galaxy and is part of the population of satellite galaxies. Ruprecht 44 is notable for its relatively low luminosity and its sparse collection of stars, characteristics that define ultrafaint dwarf galaxies. These objects are of particular interest to astronomers studying galaxy formation and the distribution of dark matter.

Russian information theorists refer to a group of scientists and researchers from Russia who have made significant contributions to the field of information theory and related areas such as coding theory, cryptography, and data transmission. Notable figures in this area include: 1. **Andrey Kolmogorov**: Although primarily known for his work in probability theory and statistics, Kolmogorov's concepts have deep implications for information theory, particularly in terms of randomness and information content.

The rutherford (symbol: Rd) is a unit of radioactivity that is used to measure the activity of radioactive isotopes. Specifically, one rutherford is defined as a decay rate of one million disintegrations per second, or \(10^6\) disintegrations per second.

The RV Sally Ride is a research vessel operated by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego. Named after Dr. Sally Ride, the first American woman in space, the vessel is primarily used for oceanographic research, including studies of marine ecosystems, ocean circulation, and climate change. The RV Sally Ride is equipped with advanced technology and instruments that allow scientists to conduct a wide range of research activities, including sample collection and data acquisition.

Sacha Golob is a philosopher known for his work in areas such as metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of art. He is associated with various philosophical discussions, particularly in relation to aesthetics and the nature of art. His contributions often explore the interplay between philosophical concepts and artistic expression.

Salil Vadhan is a prominent computer scientist known for his contributions to the fields of theoretical computer science, particularly in areas such as complexity theory, cryptography, and algorithms. He is a professor at Harvard University and has been involved in various research initiatives, including work on coding theory, game theory, and the foundations of computer science. In addition to his academic work, Vadhan has also served in administrative roles at Harvard, contributing to the broader educational and research community.