A Palmer-Bowlus flume is a type of flow measuring device used primarily for open channel flow measurement. It is designed to precisely measure the flow rate of water in rivers, streams, and other open channels. The flume has a distinctive shaped profile, typically resembling a parabolic or trapezoidal channel, which helps in managing the water flow and creating a specific head-relationship for accurate measurement.

The term "shell balance" can refer to different concepts depending on the context. However, it is most commonly associated with financial and accounting contexts, specifically in relation to the "shell company" concept or financial reporting procedures. 1. **Shell Company**: A shell company is a business entity that has no significant assets or operations. Companies might use shell balances to refer to the financial positioning of such companies, which often only hold minimal cash or investments.

Stagnation point flow refers to a specific flow condition around an object where the fluid velocity becomes zero at a particular point. This typically occurs at points on the surface of the object where the flow slows down to a standstill due to the presence of the object, even as the fluid moves past it. In fluid dynamics, a classic example of stagnation points can be found in the flow around streamlined bodies, such as airfoils or aerodynamic shapes.

"Tears of wine" is a term used to describe the phenomenon observed when wine is swirled in a glass and leaves droplets or streaks on the inner surface of the glass. This is often considered a sensory characteristic of wine and is sometimes indicative of its viscosity or alcohol content. In technical terms, the "tears" are a result of the wine's surface tension combined with the effects of evaporation as it interacts with the glass.

An ultrasonic nozzle is a device that uses ultrasonic vibrations to create fine droplets from a liquid. It operates by applying high-frequency sound waves (ultrasonics) to a liquid, which causes the liquid to break up into small droplets or aerosols. This technology is commonly found in various applications, including: 1. **Spraying**: Ultrasonic nozzles can create a finely atomized spray for purposes such as coating, painting, or humidification.

The Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is a numerical approach used for solving differential equations, particularly suited for hyperbolic and elliptic problems. It combines features of both finite element and finite volume methods, and it is particularly effective for problems involving wave propagation, fluid dynamics, and more complex PDEs.

Finite Element Updating (FEU) is a methodology used in structural analysis, particularly in the context of dynamic systems and model validation. It involves the revision of a finite element model based on experimental or field data to improve the accuracy of the model's predictions. This process typically includes: 1. **Model Validation**: The initial finite element model is created based on theoretical principles and design parameters.

Grid classification is a technique used in various fields, including data analysis and machine learning, to categorize data points based on a grid structure. The concept can be applied in different contexts, but it generally involves dividing the data space into distinct regions, or "grids," to facilitate the categorization of data points.

Nanowire lasers are a type of laser that utilize nanowire structures as the gain medium. These nanowires, typically made from semiconductor materials, have diameters on the nanometer scale (usually between a few tens of nanometers to a few hundred nanometers) and can be several micrometers long.

SAMCEF (Simulation Assistance for Mechanical CAD Engineering and Formulation) is a software suite developed by the French company SAMTECH, which specializes in finite element analysis (FEA) and computer-aided engineering (CAE). SAMCEF is used for structural, thermal, and fluid dynamics simulations. It is widely employed in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, and manufacturing, for tasks such as product design, optimization, and performance evaluation.

The Spectral Element Method (SEM) is a numerical technique used for solving partial differential equations (PDEs), particularly in the field of computational fluid dynamics, structural analysis, and wave propagation problems. It combines features from both spectral methods and finite element methods to provide a powerful tool for high-accuracy simulations.

VisualFEA is a software tool designed for finite element analysis (FEA). It provides a user-friendly graphical interface that allows users to create, modify, and analyze finite element models easily. The software typically includes features such as mesh generation, material property assignment, boundary condition application, and the ability to visualize results from simulations. VisualFEA is often used in various engineering fields, including structural, mechanical, and civil engineering, to study the behavior of structures under different loads and conditions.

Firefighting foam is a substance used to extinguish fires, especially those involving flammable liquids such as oil and gasoline. It works by forming a barrier between the fuel and the fire, effectively suppressing the flames and preventing the release of flammable vapors. Firefighting foams generally consist of three main components: a foam concentrate, water, and, in some cases, air. The foam concentrate is mixed with water to create the foam solution.

Polyurethane foam is a type of synthetic foam made from the polymerization of urethane, which is created from the reaction of polyols and isocyanates. It is a versatile material that is widely used in various applications due to its flexibility, durability, and insulating properties.

Aquamid is a soft tissue filler made from a hydrophilic gel that is primarily composed of 97.5% water and 2.5% polyacrylamide. It is used in aesthetic medicine for facial contouring and volume restoration, as well as in certain medical applications for treating specific conditions like defects or irregularities in soft tissue. Aquamid is known for its durability, as it can provide long-lasting results compared to some other filler options.

A cubosome is a type of nanostructured material formed from self-assembling lipid structures. These nanoparticles are typically composed of lipids that spontaneously organize into a cubic phase, creating a three-dimensional arrangement with a unique internal architecture. The cubic phase structure allows for a high internal surface area and can encapsulate various substances, such as drugs, proteins, or other bioactive compounds, making cubosomes a subject of interest in drug delivery and pharmaceutical applications.

Guest Host Displays can refer to a system used in various contexts, especially in virtual environments, presentations, or events where one party (the guest) presents information or content while another party (the host) facilitates or manages the display.

Liquid-crystal polymers (LCPs) are a class of high-performance materials characterized by their unique molecular structure, which can exhibit liquid-crystalline properties. These polymers possess both liquid and crystalline characteristics, allowing them to flow like a liquid while maintaining a degree of ordered structure similar to that of a crystal.

The term "liquid-ordered phase" (Lo) is typically used in the context of lipid bilayers, which are fundamental components of biological membranes. The concept arises from the study of lipid behavior in membranes and their phase transitions. In lipid bilayers, different phases can coexist depending on factors such as temperature, composition, and environmental conditions.

Thermotropic crystals are a type of liquid crystal that exhibit changes in their optical properties in response to variations in temperature. These materials can transition between different phases, such as liquid crystal, isotropic liquid, and crystalline solid states, depending on the temperature conditions. In thermotropic liquid crystals, the molecular arrangement changes with temperature, leading to different phases with distinct optical characteristics, such as birefringence.