The 21st century has seen several prominent Dutch physicists making significant contributions across various fields of physics. Some notable figures include: 1. **Frank Wilczek** - Although primarily associated with the United States, he has Dutch ancestry and has occasionally collaborated with Dutch institutions. Wilczek is known for his work in theoretical physics, particularly in the areas of quantum field theory and particle physics.

A hydraulic drop, often referred to in the context of fluid dynamics and hydraulics, is typically used to describe a sudden change in the hydraulic gradient or pressure drop in a fluid system. This concept can apply to various scenarios including open channel flow, pipe flow, and hydraulic structures.

Graphs are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relationships between objects. They consist of vertices (or nodes) and edges (connections between the vertices). Graphs can be used to represent various systems in numerous fields, including computer science, social science, biology, and transportation. ### Key Terminology: 1. **Vertices (or Nodes)**: The fundamental units or points of the graph. They can represent entities such as people, cities, or any discrete items.

The Multi-trials technique is often associated with experimental and statistical research methodologies, particularly in the context of optimization and quality control. Although the term can be used in different fields, it generally refers to the practice of conducting multiple trials or experimental runs to obtain reliable and generalizable results. Here are some key aspects: 1. **Purpose**: The main aim is to understand variability, optimize processes, or improve the reliability of data.

In the context of linear algebra and vector spaces, a cyclic vector is a vector that generates a cyclic subspace under the action of a linear operator.

Strong connectivity augmentation is a concept in graph theory, particularly in the context of directed graphs (digraphs). It refers to a process aimed at enhancing the connectivity of a directed graph to ensure that there is a directed path between every pair of vertices, thereby making the graph strongly connected. A directed graph is said to be **strongly connected** if there is a directed path from any vertex \( u \) to any other vertex \( v \).

Applied mathematics is a branch of mathematics that focuses on the application of mathematical methods and techniques to solve real-world problems in various fields such as science, engineering, economics, finance, and more. Unlike pure mathematics, which is concerned primarily with the pursuit of mathematical truths and theoretical concepts, applied mathematics is oriented towards practical applications. Key areas within applied mathematics include: 1. **Numerical Analysis**: Techniques for approximating solutions to mathematical problems that cannot be solved exactly.

Lateral computing is a concept that refers to a shift in the way that computing resources are organized, allocated, and optimized to enhance performance and efficiency across different paradigms, such as cloud computing, edge computing, and distributed systems. While the term may not be widely standardized, it generally emphasizes the following ideas: 1. **Decentralization:** Moving away from traditional centralized computing models to embrace a more distributed architecture.

The 21st century has seen numerous notable French physicists contributing to various fields of physics, including particle physics, condensed matter, astrophysics, and quantum mechanics. Here are a few prominent figures: 1. **Cécile DeWitt-Morette** - A theoretical physicist known for her work on quantum gravity and the foundations of quantum mechanics.

The 21st century has seen significant contributions from Japanese physicists across various subfields of physics, including condensed matter physics, particle physics, astrophysics, and materials science. Some notable aspects include: 1. **Nobel Laureates**: Various Japanese physicists have received Nobel Prizes in Physics for their groundbreaking work. For example, Yoshinori Ohsumi was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2016 for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy.

Computational geophysics is a branch of geophysics that employs computational methods and numerical simulations to solve complex problems related to the Earth's structure, processes, and characteristics. It combines principles from geophysics, mathematics, and computer science to analyze geophysical data, model subsurface phenomena, and simulate various geophysical processes. Some key aspects of computational geophysics include: 1. **Modeling and Simulation**: It involves creating numerical models of geological and geophysical systems.

SASL (State-Attributed Scripting Language) is a high-level programming language designed for symbolic computation, particularly in the context of artificial intelligence and the manipulation of symbolic expressions. SASL was developed in the 1970s by Peter G. Neumark and subsequently popularized by others for its capabilities in handling algebraic structures and symbolic reasoning tasks.

The 21st century has seen a number of notable Spanish physicists make significant contributions across various fields of physics. Here are a few prominent figures and their contributions: 1. **Antonio Cabrera**: Known for his work in condensed matter physics and materials science. 2. **Luis A. S. M. García**: Involved in research related to photonics and quantum optics.

"Smallworld" can refer to a few different things depending on the context. Here are a couple of common interpretations: 1. **Smallworld Networks**: In sociology and psychology, "small world" refers to the concept of "six degrees of separation," which posits that any two people are, on average, about six acquaintances apart. This concept has been explored in network theory and studies of social networks, illustrating how interconnected people are within larger societies.

The IAMG Distinguished Lectureship is a program organized by the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences (IAMG). It aims to promote the dissemination of knowledge and advancements in the field of mathematical geosciences by inviting prominent researchers and practitioners to deliver lectures on significant topics.

Irrigation informatics is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from irrigation engineering, data science, information technology, and agricultural science to improve the management of irrigation systems. It involves the collection, analysis, and application of data related to water use, soil conditions, crop growth, weather patterns, and irrigation practices. The goal is to optimize the efficiency of irrigation systems, enhance crop yields, conserve water resources, and support sustainable agricultural practices.

The Neukom Institute for Computational Science is an interdisciplinary research center at Dartmouth College that focuses on the intersection of computation, data, and various scientific fields. Established with the aim of promoting research and education in computational science, the institute supports projects that utilize computational methods to solve complex problems in areas such as biology, physics, social sciences, and the humanities.

The Staden Package is a collection of programs and tools designed for the analysis and manipulation of DNA and protein sequences. It was developed primarily for the purpose of processing and analyzing sequence data obtained from DNA sequencing technologies. The package is named after the city of Staden, where the project originated in the 1980s.

The timeline of scientific computing highlights the evolution of computation and its applications in scientific research. Below is a summary of key developments in the field: ### 1940s - **1941**: Konrad Zuse completes the Z3, the first programmable digital computer. - **1942**: The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) is completed, marking a significant advance in computing power and speed.

Visualization, in the context of graphics, refers to the representation of data or concepts through visual means. This process involves transforming complex data sets or abstract ideas into visual formats, making them easier to understand, analyze, and communicate. Visualization can include various forms and techniques, such as: 1. **Charts and Graphs**: Commonly used to represent numerical data, such as bar charts, line graphs, pie charts, and histograms.