In number theory, a lemma is a proven statement or proposition that is used as a stepping stone to prove a larger theorem. The term "lemma" comes from the Greek word "lemma," which means "that which is taken" or "premise." Lemmas can be thought of as auxiliary results that help in the development of more complex arguments or proofs.

A Queen's graph is a type of graph used in combinatorial mathematics that is derived from the movement abilities of a queen in the game of chess. In chess, a queen can move any number of squares vertically, horizontally, or diagonally, making it a particularly powerful piece. In the context of graph theory, a Queen's graph represents the possible moves of queens on a chessboard.

Baker's theorem pertains to the field of complex analysis, specifically dealing with functions that can be expressed through power series. More formally, it relates to the growth of meromorphic functions, which are functions that are holomorphic (complex differentiable) everywhere except for a set of isolated poles.

Oulipo, short for "Ouvroir de littérature potentielle" (Workshop of Potential Literature), is a group of writers and mathematicians that began in Paris in 1960. The group's aim is to create works of literature using constrained writing techniques, where specific rules or structures are imposed on the creation process. Oulipo members explore the potential of literature by experimenting with various forms and structures, often using mathematical concepts or combinatorial methods.

Serre's modularity conjecture, proposed by Jean-Pierre Serre in the 1980s, is a deep and influential hypothesis in the field of number theory, particularly concerning the relationship between modular forms and elliptic curves.

The Turán–Kubilius inequality is a result in number theory and probabilistic number theory, often related to the distribution of prime numbers. It provides a bound on the probability that certain events, often concerning the sums of random variables, will occur.

Dickson's conjecture is a hypothesis in number theory proposed by the mathematician Leonard Eugene Dickson in 1904. It relates to the distribution of prime numbers and specifically addresses the behavior of prime numbers in arithmetic progressions. The conjecture states that for any given set of integer numbers \(a_1, a_2, ...

Euler's constant, commonly denoted by the symbol \( e \), is a mathematical constant that is approximately equal to 2.71828. It serves as the base of the natural logarithm and is extensively used in various areas of mathematics, particularly in calculus, complex analysis, and number theory.

Greenberg's conjecture is a statement in the field of number theory related to the study of Galois representations and p-adic fields. Specifically, it deals with the relation between the arithmetic of cyclotomic fields and the behavior of certain types of Galois representations.

Odd Greedy Expansion is a concept used in the realm of algorithms and data structures, particularly in the context of computational problems like Tree Decomposition and dynamic programming on trees. The term is not widely recognized as a standalone concept in mainstream literature but may refer to specific techniques or approaches within graph theory or optimization. In general, a greedy algorithm is one that makes a series of choices, each of which looks best at the moment, with the hope that the overall outcome will be optimal.

A prime triplet refers to a set of three prime numbers that are all two units apart from each other. The most common form of a prime triplet can be expressed as \( (p, p+2, p+6) \) or \( (p-2, p, p+2) \), where \( p \) is a prime number.

The Waring–Goldbach problem is a question in number theory that is an extension of Waring's problem. Specifically, it concerns the representation of even integers as sums of prime numbers. The statement of the problem can be framed as follows: For every even integer \( n \), is there a way to express \( n \) as a sum of a bounded number of prime numbers?

In semiotics, value refers to the significance or meaning that a sign (such as a word, image, or symbol) holds within a particular context or system of signs. This concept can be broken down into several layers: 1. **Denotation and Connotation**: Value is often discussed in terms of denotation (the literal meaning of a sign) and connotation (the associated meanings and cultural implications that a sign may evoke).

A Noetherian topological space is a type of topological space that satisfies a particular property related to its open sets, inspired by Noetherian rings in algebra. Specifically, a topological space \( X \) is called Noetherian if it satisfies the following condition: - **Finite Intersection Property**: Every open cover of \( X \) has a finite subcover.

Non-well-founded set theory is a branch of set theory that allows for sets that can contain themselves as elements, either directly or indirectly, leading to the formation of infinite descending chains. This is in contrast to classical set theory, particularly Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with the Axiom of Foundation (or Axiom of Regularity), which restricts sets to be well-founded.

The Well-ordering principle is a fundamental concept in set theory and mathematics that states that every non-empty set of non-negative integers (or positive integers) contains a least element.

The Statistical Accounts of Scotland is a collection of detailed accounts that were compiled in the 18th and 19th centuries, offering insights into the social, economic, and environmental conditions of Scottish communities. The project was initiated in two main phases: the first Statistical Account, conducted between 1791 and 1799, was commissioned by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.

Dots is a simple yet engaging puzzle game where players aim to connect dots of the same color on a grid to create lines. The main goal is to connect as many dots as possible within a limited number of moves or time. Players can connect dots horizontally or vertically, and the more dots they connect in a single move, the more points they earn.

Tennis (paper game) is a simplified, often DIY version of the traditional sport of tennis that can be played on paper or using a flat surface with minimal materials. The game usually involves drawing a tennis court, with players represented by symbols (like Xs and Os) or small objects like coins or markers. The rules are adapted to fit the paper format, and gameplay typically involves taking turns 'serving' and 'returning' by marking moves on the drawn court.