Karim Emami was an influential Iranian literary figure, translator, and scholar. He is best known for his extensive work in promoting Persian literature and for his translations of significant literary works from Persian to other languages, particularly English. Emami played a critical role in bringing modern Persian literature to a wider audience and bridging cultural gaps through his translations and scholarly writings.

Thirunalloor Karunakaran is a notable literary figure from Kerala, India, primarily known for his contributions to Malayalam literature. He was a poet, playwright, and scriptwriter, and his works often reflect the cultural and social themes of Kerala. His writings include various forms, such as poems, short stories, and plays, often highlighting everyday life, spirituality, and the struggles of ordinary people.

Konstantin Balmont (1867–1943) was a prominent Russian poet, translator, and literary figure known for his contributions to the Symbolist movement in Russia during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was born in the Vologda region and became known for his innovative use of language and vivid imagery. Balmont's work was characterized by a focus on the inner emotional experience and an exploration of themes related to nature, mysticism, and beauty.

Maithili Sharan Gupt (1886-1964) was a prominent Indian poet and playwright, known for his significant contributions to Hindi literature. He is often associated with the Chhayavad movement, which was a literary movement in early 20th-century Hindi literature characterized by romanticism and the exploration of emotional depth. Gupt’s poetry often emphasized themes of nationalism, Indian culture, and heritage.

Richard Le Gallienne (1866–1947) was an English author, poet, and critic, known for his role in the literary movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was associated with the Aesthetic movement, which emphasized beauty and artistic expression. Le Gallienne wrote poetry, essays, and novels, often exploring themes of nature, love, and the human experience.

Robert Graves (1895–1985) was a British poet, novelist, critic, and scholar, known for his contributions to literature in the 20th century. He is perhaps best known for his poetry, including notable collections such as "The Complete Poems" and "Fairies and Fusiliers.

Aviation and the environment encompass a wide range of issues related to the impact of air travel and aircraft operations on the natural world. As the aviation industry has grown, concerns have emerged regarding its environmental footprint, which includes: 1. **Greenhouse Gas Emissions**: Commercial aircraft emit carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (e.g., nitrogen oxides, water vapor) at high altitudes, contributing to global warming and climate change.

Open-streets events, also known as open streets or open road events, are community activities that temporarily close certain streets to motor vehicle traffic. The primary aim is to create a safe and accessible environment for pedestrians, cyclists, and other non-motorized forms of transportation. These events often promote physical activity, community engagement, and public health.

Vehicle emission controls refer to the technologies, systems, and regulations implemented to reduce the amount of harmful pollutants released into the atmosphere from motor vehicles. These controls aim to minimize the environmental impact of transportation and improve air quality. Here are some key components of vehicle emission controls: 1. **Engine Design**: Modern engines are designed for better fuel efficiency and lower emissions. This includes advancements in combustion processes and materials that withstand higher temperatures.

DAFNE stands for "Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating." It is a structured education program designed for individuals with type 1 diabetes. The program focuses on helping participants manage their diabetes through a more flexible and informed approach to insulin dosing, particularly in relation to carbohydrate intake. DAFNE emphasizes the understanding of carbohydrate counting, insulin adjustment, and lifestyle choices, allowing people with diabetes to enjoy a wider variety of foods while maintaining good blood glucose control.

The environmental effects of transport encompass a wide range of impacts stemming from various modes of transportation, including road vehicles, rail, air travel, and shipping. These effects can be categorized into several key areas: 1. **Air Pollution**: Transportation is a significant source of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

The environmental effects of transport in Australia are multifaceted and can be understood through various lenses, including air quality, greenhouse gas emissions, habitat destruction, noise pollution, and biodiversity loss. Here’s a detailed overview: ### 1. **Greenhouse Gas Emissions** - **Carbon Footprint**: The transport sector is a significant contributor to Australia's greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for about 18-20% of the total emissions.

"Transport by metropolitan area" typically refers to the various modes and systems of transportation utilized within a metropolitan area. Metropolitan areas, which are densely populated urban regions that often encompass surrounding suburbs, have complex transport networks that may include: 1. **Public Transit**: This includes buses, subways, light rail, and commuter trains that facilitate travel within and between urban and suburban areas.

Transport by sea or ocean, often referred to as maritime transport, involves the movement of goods or passengers across large bodies of water. This mode of transport is crucial for global trade and plays a significant role in the economy of many countries. Here are some key aspects of maritime transport: 1. **Types of Vessels**: Various types of vessels are used in maritime transport, including container ships, bulk carriers, oil tankers, LNG carriers, passenger ships, ferries, and fishing boats.

Make Cars Green is an initiative that focuses on promoting environmental sustainability in the automotive industry. It aims to encourage manufacturers to produce greener vehicles and to advocate for policies that support environmental standards and practices in car production and usage. The initiative typically emphasizes the importance of reducing carbon emissions, improving fuel efficiency, and promoting the development and adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles.

Mobility transition refers to the ongoing transformation in how people and goods move within and between urban and rural areas, influenced by technological, social, environmental, and economic changes. This transition encompasses various aspects, including: 1. **Sustainability**: A shift towards more sustainable modes of transportation, such as electric vehicles, public transit, cycling, and walking, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.

"New car smell" refers to the distinct, often pleasant odor that is noticeable in a newly manufactured vehicle. This scent is the result of various materials used in the car's construction, including plastics, textiles, leather, adhesives, and other chemical compounds. When a car is built, many of these materials emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they off-gas—this process can release various scents.

Non-exhaust emissions refer to pollutants released into the environment that are not a result of fuel combustion but arise from other processes related to the use of vehicles, particularly those with internal combustion engines. These emissions can be attributed to a variety of sources, including: 1. **Tire Wear**: As tires wear down, tiny particles are released into the air. These particles can contribute to particulate matter pollution.

"Transport by city" typically refers to the different modes of transportation available within a particular city and how the city's infrastructure supports movement of people and goods. This can include various forms of transport such as: 1. **Public Transit:** Buses, subways, trams, and light rail systems that provide affordable and accessible transportation options for residents and visitors. 2. **Private Vehicles:** Cars and motorcycles that are commonly used for personal transportation, including the availability of parking facilities and traffic management.

Land transport refers to the movement of people and goods using vehicles and infrastructure that exist on land. This mode of transportation includes various methods and systems, such as: 1. **Road Transportation**: This involves vehicles like cars, trucks, buses, and motorcycles that travel on roads and highways. It is one of the most common forms of transport due to its flexibility and accessibility. 2. **Rail Transportation**: This includes trains and trams that run on tracks.