Spherical aromaticity refers to a type of aromatic stabilization that occurs in molecules with spherical symmetry, particularly in three-dimensional structures. It is an extension of the concept of aromaticity, which traditionally applies to planar cyclic compounds, such as benzene, that exhibit delocalized π-electrons over a stable ring structure. In spherical aromatic systems, the electronic delocalization occurs over the surface of a three-dimensional structure, rather than within a flat plane.

Vinylogy is a term used to describe a unique approach to the study and use of vine-based natural materials, particularly in the context of wine and viticulture. The term can encompass various disciplines including agriculture, enology (the science of wine and winemaking), and ecology. However, it’s worth noting that "Vinylogy" might not be widely recognized as a standard term in either scientific literature or common discourse.

Woodward's rules, also known as Woodward's rules of thumb, refer to a set of heuristics used primarily in the field of organic chemistry to predict the effect of substituents on the stability and reactivity of molecular structures, particularly in the context of aromatic compounds. These rules were formulated by the chemist Robert Woodward in his work on the stereochemistry and structure of organic compounds.

The Woodward–Hoffmann rules are a set of principles used in organic chemistry to predict the outcome of pericyclic reactions, which are reactions that involve cyclic transition states and occur via a concerted mechanism (simultaneous bond-breaking and bond-forming processes). Named after chemists Robert Burns Woodward and Donald Albert Hoffmann, these rules provide a framework to determine whether a pericyclic reaction is thermally allowed or forbidden based on molecular orbital (MO) theory.

The Yukawa–Tsuno equation is a mathematical model used in the field of nuclear physics, particularly in the description of nuclear forces between particles such as protons and neutrons. It is employed to describe the potential energy between two nucleons (neutrons and protons), accounting for the exchange of mesons (specifically pions) as mediators of the strong nuclear force.

Materialism is a philosophical viewpoint that emphasizes the importance of the physical or material world in understanding reality. In essence, materialists believe that everything that exists is made up of matter, and that all phenomena, including thoughts, feelings, and consciousness, arise from material interactions. Materialism can be understood in several contexts: 1. **Philosophical Materialism:** This asserts that only physical things exist and that all phenomena can be explained through material interactions.

The School of Physics and Technology at the University of Kharkiv, also known as V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, is a prominent academic institution in Ukraine focused on physics and its applications. The school is part of a wider research university known for its contributions to various fields of science and technology.

The B2FH paper, officially titled "Synthesis of the Elements in Stars," is a seminal scientific paper authored by scientists George B. Field, William A. Fowler, and Fred Hoyle, published in 1957. The paper is significant in the field of astrophysics and nucleosynthesis as it provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding how chemical elements are formed within stars.

Dolors Aleu i Riera (1857-1913) was a pioneering figure in Spanish medicine and is particularly noted for being one of the first female doctors in Spain. Born in a time when women were largely excluded from the medical profession, she managed to overcome significant social and educational barriers to earn her medical degree. Aleu graduated from the University of Barcelona in 1882, and after obtaining her degree, she dedicated herself to the fields of psychiatry and pediatrics.

Elena Barraquer Compte is a renowned Spanish ophthalmologist known for her specialization in corneal diseases and surgery. She is particularly noted for her contributions to keratoplasty (corneal transplantation) and is recognized for her expertise in various advanced surgical techniques. Beyond her clinical work, she is also involved in research and education within her field, helping to advance the understanding and treatment of eye conditions.

Georges Dujardin-Beaumetz (1826-1892) was a French architect and notable figure in the field of architecture during the 19th century. He is particularly known for his contributions to the design of public buildings and his involvement in architectural education. Dujardin-Beaumetz was involved in various projects, but he is perhaps most remembered for his role in promoting the Beaux-Arts architectural style in France.

José Baselga was a prominent Spanish oncologist and researcher, known for his significant contributions to the field of cancer treatment and research, particularly in breast cancer and targeted therapies. He held key positions in various prestigious institutions, including serving as the physician-in-chief at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York and working as a leader in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly at AstraZeneca.

Valentín Fuster is a prominent Spanish cardiologist known for his significant contributions to the field of cardiovascular medicine. He is recognized for his research and efforts in understanding heart disease, particularly in relation to atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Fuster has held prestigious positions, including serving as the director of Mount Sinai Heart and the Physician-in-Chief at The Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City.

Francisco Salva Campillo is a historical figure known for his contributions to the fields of medicine and the military in Spain during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Not much detailed information is readily available, as he may not be as widely recognized as other historical figures. He is often noted for his work in anatomy and surgery as well as his involvement with various military medical advancements during his time.

The Ami Argand is a type of oil lamp that was developed in the late 18th century by the Swiss inventor Aimé Argand. It is known for its innovative design, which included a circular wick and a cylindrical glass chimney. This design allowed for a more efficient burning of oil, producing a brighter and steadier light compared to previous oil lamps. The Argand lamp became popular during the early 19th century and was widely used before the advent of electric lighting.

"Gravitation" is a comprehensive textbook on gravitational physics, co-authored by Charles W. Misner, Kip S. Thorne, and John Archibald Wheeler. First published in 1973, it is often regarded as a classic in the field of general relativity and gravitational physics. The book provides an in-depth exploration of the concepts and mathematical formulations of Einstein's theory of general relativity, as well as its applications to various physical phenomena.

Charles-Gaspard de la Rive (1794–1873) was a Swiss physicist and naturalist known for his contributions to the fields of electromagnetism and crystallography. He is particularly known for his work on the theory of electricity and magnetic fields, as well as his studies on mineralogy and the properties of crystals. De la Rive is also recognized for his involvement in the development of scientific education in Switzerland and for his efforts in promoting the natural sciences.

Georges-Louis Le Sage was an 18th-century Swiss physicist and philosopher, born on June 16, 1724, and he passed away on August 2, 1803. He is best known for his work in the fields of gravity and atomic theory. Le Sage is particularly noted for proposing a mechanical explanation of gravity, often referred to as the "Le Sage theory of gravitation.

Jean-Robert Chouet is a French volcanologist known for his work on the study of volcanic activity, particularly in relation to the monitoring and understanding of volcanic eruptions. He has made significant contributions to the field through research on various aspects of volcanology, including the behavior of volcanic gases, eruption dynamics, and methods for predicting volcanic eruptions. Chouet has been involved in research projects and has published numerous scientific papers on volcanic phenomena.

"Pi-related people" typically refers to individuals who have a notable connection to the mathematical constant π (pi), which represents the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. This could include: 1. **Mathematicians and Scientists**: Historically significant figures such as Archimedes, who worked on concepts related to π, or modern mathematicians who study its properties and applications.