Robert Frank Borkenstein (1912–2002) was a notable American scientist and researcher, best known for his contributions to the field of forensic science, particularly in the development of breath alcohol testing devices. Borkenstein invented the Breathalyzer, a device that measures blood alcohol content (BAC) from a breath sample. His work played a significant role in promoting public safety and law enforcement practices related to driving under the influence (DUI).

William Duncan McNally is not a widely recognized public figure or concept in historical or contemporary contexts, based on the information available up until October 2021. It's possible that he may be a private individual, a local figure, or someone who has emerged in news or culture after that time.

Cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (CE-PAS) is an advanced analytical technique that combines the principles of photoacoustic spectroscopy with the use of micro or nano-scale cantilevers to enhance signal detection. This method is particularly useful for detecting trace amounts of gaseous or dissolved species in various environments.

Chemical imaging is a technique used to visualize the spatial distribution of chemical species in a sample. It combines traditional imaging techniques with chemical analysis to provide detailed information about the composition, structure, and properties of materials at a micro or nanoscales. This approach allows researchers to obtain information on the morphology, concentration, and interactions of various chemical components within a sample.

Coherent microwave scattering refers to the interaction of microwave signals with objects or media in a manner where the scattered waves maintain a defined phase relationship with the incoming waves. This phenomenon occurs when the dimensions of the scattering objects or features are comparable to the wavelength of the microwaves involved, typically in the range of millimeters to centimeters. In coherent scattering, the scattered waves interfere with each other, resulting in a range of observable effects, including constructive and destructive interference.

Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) is a sensitive and powerful technique used in semiconductor physics and materials science to investigate deep-level electronic states in semiconductors. These deep levels, which are energy states located within the bandgap of a semiconductor, can influence the electrical properties and performance of devices such as diodes, transistors, and solar cells.

Diffuse correlation spectrometry (DCS) is an advanced optical imaging technique primarily used for non-invasive measurements of blood flow in tissues. It leverages the principles of correlation spectroscopy and diffusive light scattering to assess the dynamics of blood flow at a microvascular level. ### Key Concepts of DCS: 1. **Light Interactions**: DCS involves shining near-infrared (NIR) light into biological tissues.

Kramers' law, named after physicist Hendrik Anthony Kramers, primarily refers to a concept in the theory of reaction rates and transition state theory in chemical kinetics. This law provides a framework for understanding how a system transitions from a metastable state to a stable state, particularly in the context of chemical reactions where a reactant must overcome an energy barrier to transform into products.

Electron Magnetic Circular Dichroism (EMCD) is a spectroscopic technique that exploits the interaction between electrons and magnetic fields to study the electronic and magnetic properties of materials at the atomic level. It is particularly useful for investigating magnetic materials and can provide information about the spin and orbital moments of electrons in a sample. The fundamental principle of EMCD is based on the circular dichroism effect, which is the differential absorption of left-handed versus right-handed circularly polarized light.

HITRAN, which stands for the High-resolution Transmission molecular absorption database, is a comprehensive database that contains information on the absorption and emission spectra of various molecules in the atmosphere. Developed primarily for use in atmospheric science and remote sensing, HITRAN provides data on the spectroscopic parameters of gases that are critical for interpreting and modeling the transmission of light in the atmosphere.

Fellgett's advantage, also known as the multiplex advantage, refers to the performance benefit gained by using multiple channels or detectors in a spectroscopic measurement system. This concept is particularly relevant in optical and infrared spectroscopy, especially when comparing different types of spectrometers. In traditional scanning spectrometers, the measurement is taken sequentially for each wavelength, leading to longer measurement times, especially when scanning across a broad wavelength range.

Periwound is a term commonly used in the field of wound care. It refers to the area of skin surrounding a wound, often called the periwound skin. This area is important in the healing process, as it can be affected by the same conditions that impact the wound itself. Healthy periwound skin is crucial for proper healing, while damaged or infected periwound skin can lead to complications.

Dredge-up is a process occurring in stellar astrophysics, particularly in the context of red giant stars. It involves the mixing of materials from the interior of a star to its outer layers, specifically bringing nuclear fusion products from deeper layers, such as helium and heavier elements, to the surface. This process typically happens during specific phases of a star's evolution, notably during the red giant phase when a star expands and cools.

A helium flash is a crucial astrophysical event that occurs in the later stages of a star's life, particularly in low- to intermediate-mass stars (like those in the range of about 0.8 to 8 solar masses). This phenomenon happens when the core of a red giant, primarily composed of helium, becomes sufficiently hot and dense to ignite helium fusion after a period of hydrogen burning in the star's earlier life stages.

The term "instability strip" can refer to several different concepts depending on the context, but it is most commonly used in meteorology and atmospheric science. In this context, an instability strip is a region in a diagram that represents the stability properties of the atmosphere, particularly with regard to convection. In meteorology, the instability strip typically refers to a band on a thermodynamic diagram, such as a skew-T log-P diagram, where certain conditions indicate that the air is unstable.

Italian statisticians refer to individuals from Italy who specialize in the field of statistics, which involves the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. Over the years, Italy has produced many prominent statisticians who have contributed significantly to various areas of statistical theory and application. Some notable Italian statisticians include: 1. **Bruno de Finetti** - Known for his work in probability theory and for developing the concept of subjective probability.

The Maxi Biewer is a relatively new breed of dog that is a variation of the Biewer Terrier, which itself is a breed developed in Germany. The Maxi Biewer is distinguished by its larger size compared to the standard Biewer Terrier. While the Biewer Terrier typically weighs around 4 to 8 pounds, the Maxi Biewer generally ranges from 8 to 15 pounds.

Mike Larkan is an Australian television presenter and meteorologist, known for his work with various television networks, including Channel Nine. He has gained recognition for delivering weather reports and presenting news-related content. In addition to his meteorological expertise, Larkan has also participated in other television projects and events. His engaging presentation style and familiarity with Australian audiences have contributed to his popularity in the media landscape.

Paul Deanno is a meteorologist and television weather anchor. He is known for providing weather forecasts and reports, often working for local news stations. His career may include roles in different cities, where he delivers weather updates, covers severe weather events, and engages with the community about weather-related topics.

Philippe Verdier is a French meteorologist and television presenter known for his work in weather forecasting and climate science. He gained recognition for his role as a chief meteorologist at France Télévisions, where he presented weather reports and contributed to public discussions on climate issues. Verdier has also been involved in various controversies, especially regarding his outspoken views on climate change and environmental policies. He has authored books discussing his perspectives on climate science.