In shooting sports, "power factor" is a measurement that relates the velocity of a bullet and its weight. It is primarily used in competitive shooting disciplines, especially those governed by organizations like the USPSA (United States Practical Shooting Association) or IPSC (International Practical Shooting Confederation).

Arnold Sommerfeld (1868–1951) was a German theoretical physicist known for his significant contributions to various fields in physics, particularly in atomic and quantum theory. He is best known for his developments in: 1. **Atomic Structure**: Sommerfeld extended Niels Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom by introducing elliptical orbits and additional quantum numbers. This improvement led to a better understanding of atomic spectra and fine structure.

Gerald B. Whitham (1919–2013) was a notable British mathematician and physicist known for his significant contributions to the field of fluid dynamics and applied mathematics. He is perhaps best known for his work on non-linear waves, especially in the context of fluid flows, and for his seminal book "Linear and Nonlinear Waves," which has become a classic reference in the field.

L. M. Milne-Thomson refers to Sir Lancelot Thomas Milne-Thomson, a prominent British mathematician and engineer known for his contributions to fluid dynamics and applied mathematics. He was particularly noted for his work in potential flow theory, which analyzes the behavior of inviscid (non-viscous) fluid flow.

As of my last update, Peter Bradshaw is an aeronautical engineer known for his contributions to the fields of aerospace engineering and aviation technology. However, detailed information about him specifically may not be widely known or documented in public sources. If you are looking for specifics about his work, contributions, or projects, please provide more context, and I would be glad to assist you further.

The Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) is a numerical technique used to study fluid-structure interactions, particularly in scenarios where flexible boundaries or immersed structures interact with a flowing fluid. This method was first introduced by Charles S. Peskin in the 1970s and has since become a powerful tool in computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

The Stochastic Eulerian-Lagrangian method is a computational approach used to simulate the behavior of fluid dynamics that incorporates stochastic (random) properties. This method is particularly useful for models involving particles or tracers in a fluid, where both the fluid motion (captured using the Eulerian framework) and the motion of the particles (captured using the Lagrangian framework) are important.

A Very Large Floating Structure (VLFS) refers to an extensive floating platform or structure designed to remain buoyant on the surface of water. VLFS can be used for various applications, including: 1. **Marine Infrastructure**: They can serve as foundations for offshore facilities such as oil and gas drilling rigs, wind farms, or other energy generation facilities. 2. **Transportation**: VLFS can function as floating bridges or floating airports, providing new ways to connect land masses across water bodies.

In physics, "reaction" typically refers to a response to an external force or event. It is often discussed in the context of Newton's Third Law of Motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that whenever one object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts a force of equal magnitude and opposite direction back on the first object.

A bigram is a group of two consecutive words or tokens in a text. In natural language processing (NLP), bigrams are used to analyze and understand language patterns by looking at pairs of words that appear next to each other. For example, in the sentence "The cat sat on the mat," the bigrams would be: 1. The cat 2. cat sat 3. sat on 4. on the 5.

In the context of logic, "syntax" refers to the formal structure and rules that govern the formation of expressions, statements, or formulas within a logical system. It deals with how symbols can be combined and arranged to create valid expressions according to specific rules, without concern for the meanings of those expressions.

A parser combinator is a high-level programming construct used to build parsers in a modular and composable way. It allows developers to define parsers as functions that can be combined together to create more complex parsers. The primary advantage of using parser combinators is that they make it easier to construct and maintain parsers for complex languages or data formats, such as programming languages, markup languages (like HTML or XML), or configuration files.

Formal fallacies are errors in logical reasoning that occur due to a flaw in the structure or form of an argument, rather than the content. These fallacies arise when the argument violates the principles of logical validity, meaning that even if the premises are true, the conclusion does not necessarily follow from them. Formal fallacies can often be identified by examining the argument's form or structure, regardless of the actual truth of the premises.

The QED Manifesto refers to a document created by the QED (Quality Education for All) movement, which advocates for high standards in educational practices. The manifesto outlines the essential principles and goals of the movement, emphasizing the importance of providing equitable, inclusive, and high-quality education to all individuals, regardless of their background. It typically addresses various aspects of education, including teaching methodologies, curriculum design, accessibility, and the role of technology in enhancing learning experiences.

Operational semantics is a formal method in computer science used to define the meaning of programming languages and systems through the concept of state transitions. It describes how the execution of a program proceeds step by step, providing a precise description of how constructs in a language relate to their behavior during execution. The main ideas behind operational semantics include: 1. **States and Transitions**: It models the execution of a program as a sequence of states.

Fatigue testing is a type of mechanical testing used to assess the durability and lifespan of materials and components under cyclic loading conditions. The primary goal of fatigue testing is to determine how a material will behave when subjected to repeated stress or strain over time, which is critical in applications where components are expected to endure fluctuating loads, such as in aerospace, automotive, and structural engineering.

Fracture toughness is a property of materials that measures their ability to resist crack propagation when subjected to stress. It quantifies the material's resistance to fracture in the presence of pre-existing flaws such as cracks or voids. Fracture toughness is expressed as a critical stress intensity factor (K_c), which combines the effects of the applied stress, the size of the crack, and the material's properties.

A **free abelian group** is a specific type of mathematical structure in the field of group theory. To understand it, let's break down the terminology: 1. **Group**: A group is a set \( G \) equipped with a binary operation (often called multiplication) that satisfies four properties: closure, associativity, identity, and invertibility.

Voluntarism, in the context of action and philosophy, refers to the doctrine that emphasizes the role of the will, or voluntary actions, in human behavior and decision-making. It is often contrasted with determinism, which posits that all events, including human actions, are determined by preceding events or natural laws.

Philippe Michel is a French economist known for his work in the field of economics, particularly in areas related to public finance, labor economics, and social policies. He may have contributed to various research papers, policy discussions, and academic publications throughout his career.