The "Killer heuristic" is a term often used in the context of artificial intelligence, particularly in search algorithms and optimization problems. It refers to a specific type of heuristic that significantly enhances the performance of search algorithms by allowing them to focus more effectively on promising regions of the search space. The name "Killer heuristic" comes from the idea that the heuristic "kills off" many of the less promising possibilities, thereby directing the search towards more fruitful areas.

The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is a popular optimization technique used for minimizing the sum of squared differences between observed data and a model. It is particularly effective for nonlinear least squares problems, where the aim is to fit a model to a set of data points. ### Key Features: 1. **Combination of Techniques**: The algorithm combines the gradient descent and the Gauss-Newton methods.

Matheuristics is a hybrid optimization approach that combines mathematical programming techniques with heuristic methods. It aims to solve complex optimization problems that may be difficult to tackle using either approach alone. In matheuristics, mathematical programming is used to define or provide a framework for the problem, often utilizing linear, integer, or combinatorial programming models. These mathematical models can capture the problem's structure and provide exact formulations.

The **Multiple Subset Sum Problem** is a variation of the classic Subset Sum Problem. In the general Subset Sum Problem, you're given a set of integers and a target sum, and you want to determine if there exists a subset of the integers that adds up to that target sum. In the **Multiple Subset Sum Problem**, you are given: 1. A set of integers (often referred to as weights). 2. A set of target sums.

Newton's method (or the Newton-Raphson method) is an iterative numerical technique used to find successively better approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function. In optimization, it is often used to find the local maxima and minima of functions. ### Principle of Newton's Method in Optimization The method employs the first and second derivatives of a function to find critical points where the function's gradient (or derivative) is zero.

The Nelder-Mead method, also known as the simplex method, is a popular iterative optimization technique used to find the minimum or maximum of a function in an n-dimensional space. It is particularly suited for optimizing functions that are not differentiable, making it a powerful tool in various fields, including statistics, machine learning, and engineering.

Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization (OSEM) is an iterative algorithm used in statistical imaging, particularly in the field of positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). It is a variation of the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, which is used for finding maximum likelihood estimates of parameters in probabilistic models, especially those involving latent variables.

Parallel metaheuristics refer to a class of algorithms designed to solve complex optimization problems by utilizing parallel processing techniques. Metaheuristics are high-level problem-independent strategies that guide other heuristics to explore the search space effectively, often used for combinatorial or continuous optimization tasks where traditional methods may struggle.

Random optimization is a broad term that refers to optimization techniques that involve randomization in the search process. These methods are generally used to find solutions to optimization problems, particularly when dealing with complex landscapes or where traditional deterministic approaches may be inefficient or infeasible. Here are some key concepts and methods that fall under the umbrella of random optimization: 1. **Random Search**: This is a fundamental and simple approach where solutions are randomly sampled from the search space.

Simulated annealing is a probabilistic optimization algorithm inspired by the annealing process in metallurgy, where controlled cooling of materials leads to a more stable crystal structure. It is used to find an approximate solution to optimization problems, especially those that are discrete or combinatorial in nature. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Metaphor of Annealing**: In metallurgy, when a metal is heated and then gradually cooled, it allows the atoms to settle into a more organized and low-energy state.

An Archimedean group is an important concept in the field of mathematics, particularly within the context of ordered groups. An ordered group is a group that is equipped with a total order that is compatible with the group operation.

Orders of magnitude is a way of categorizing or comparing quantities based on their size or scale, typically using powers of ten. Each order of magnitude represents a tenfold difference in quantity. When we discuss orders of magnitude concerning volume, we're essentially talking about the relative sizes of different volumes in terms of powers of ten. For instance, if we consider the volume of some common objects: 1. A small drop of water might have a volume of about \(0.

The term "macroscopic scale" refers to a level of observation or analysis that is large enough to be seen and studied without the need for magnification. It encompasses measurements and phenomena that are observable in everyday life, as opposed to microscopic or atomic scales, where individual atoms, molecules, or small structures are studied.

Orders of magnitude refer to the scale or size of a quantity in terms of powers of ten. When discussing length, each order of magnitude represents a tenfold increase or decrease in size. This concept helps to easily compare and understand very large or very small lengths by categorizing them into logarithmic scales. Here are some common examples of lengths from various orders of magnitude: 1. **10^-9 meters (nanometer)**: Scale of molecules and atoms.

The Mehler–Heine formula is a mathematical result concerning orthogonal polynomials and their associated functions. Specifically, it provides a connection between the values of a certain function, defined in terms of orthogonal polynomials, at specific points and their integral representation. More formally, the Mehler–Heine formula typically relates to the context of generating functions for orthogonal polynomials.

In set theory and topology, a **continuous function** (or continuous mapping) is a key concept that describes a function that preserves the notion of closeness or neighborhood in a topological space. More formally, a function between two topological spaces is continuous if the preimage of every open set is open in the domain's topology.

The term "diagonal intersection" could refer to several concepts depending on the context in which it's used. Here are a few possible interpretations: 1. **Mathematics and Geometry**: In the context of geometry, a diagonal intersection could refer to the intersection point of diagonal lines in a polygon or between two intersecting diagonals of a geometric figure. For example, in a rectangle, the diagonals intersect at their midpoint.

In set theory, ordinals are a type of ordinal number that extend the concept of natural numbers to describe the order type of well-ordered sets. Ordinals can be classified into two main categories: even ordinals and odd ordinals, similar to how natural numbers are classified. 1. **Even Ordinals**: An ordinal is considered even if it can be expressed in the form \(2n\), where \(n\) is a natural number (including 0).

The Takeuti–Feferman–Buchholz ordinal, often denoted by \( \Omega \), is a significant ordinal in the realm of proof theory and mathematical logic. It arises in the study of ordinal analysis of the system \( \text{PRA} \) (Primitive Recursive Arithmetic) and is particularly associated with the strength of formal systems and their consistency proofs.

Fiction about origami can take many forms, blending the art of paper folding with various genres and themes. Here are a few ways origami is explored in fictional narratives: 1. **Magic and Fantasy**: In some stories, origami can be imbued with magical properties, where the folded paper creations come to life or possess mystical abilities. This could involve characters who use origami as a means of casting spells or communicating with spirits.