"Calutron Girls" is a graphic novel by author and artist Anu Anand, released in 2023. It tells the story of a group of women who worked at the California Institute of Technology's (Caltech) Calutron facility during World War II. These women, often referred to as "Calutron girls," played a crucial role in the development of the atomic bomb by operating the calutrons, devices used to separate isotopes of uranium and other elements.

Enriched uranium refers to uranium in which the percentage of the isotope uranium-235 (U-235) has been increased compared to natural uranium. Natural uranium consists primarily of about 99.3% uranium-238 (U-238) and only about 0.7% U-235. Enrichment processes increase the proportion of U-235 to levels suitable for various applications, particularly nuclear power generation and weapons.

Racks and quandles are concepts from the field of algebra, particularly in the study of knot theory and algebraic structures.

The Girdler sulfide process is a method used for the extraction of uranium from its ores, primarily applied in the context of uranium recovery from phosphate rock and other sources. Named after the researcher who developed it, the process selectively extracts uranium by using a combination of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in a series of chemical reactions.

Plutonium-238 (Pu-238) is an isotope of plutonium, which is a heavy and radioactive metallic element. It has a half-life of about 87.7 years, making it relatively short-lived compared to some other isotopes of plutonium. Pu-238 is primarily used as a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) — devices that convert the heat released by the decay of radioactive material into electrical energy.

K-25 was a significant facility in the history of the Manhattan Project, which was the United States' World War II effort to develop atomic weapons. Located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, K-25 was a large factory built for the purpose of uranium enrichment, specifically using the gaseous diffusion process. Constructed in the early 1940s, K-25 was one of the largest buildings in the world at the time, covering over 1 million square feet.

Indium-111 (^{111}In) is a radioactive isotope of indium. It has a half-life of about 2.8 days and decays primarily via electron capture to stable tin-111 (^{111}Sn). Indium-111 is of significant interest in the field of nuclear medicine, particularly for its applications in diagnostic imaging and targeted therapy.

The term "Schrödinger field" typically refers to a specific type of quantum field theory where the dynamics of the field are governed by the Schrödinger equation, which is fundamental to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. In quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes over time.

Iron-55 (Fe-55) is a radioactive isotope of iron. It has a nuclear mass number of 55, meaning it has 26 protons and 29 neutrons in its nucleus. Iron-55 is produced as a decay product of manganese-55 and can also be formed in nuclear reactions. The half-life of Iron-55 is about 2.

Krypton-85 (Kr-85) is a radioactive isotope of the element krypton, which is a noble gas. It has a mass number of 85, meaning it has 36 protons and 49 neutrons in its nucleus. Krypton-85 is produced naturally in the atmosphere through the interaction of cosmic rays with stable krypton isotopes and is also released into the environment from certain human activities, primarily from nuclear reactors and radiological applications.

Uranium-234 (U-234) is an isotope of uranium, which is a heavy metal known for its use in nuclear fuel and weapons. U-234 is a radionuclide, meaning it is radioactive and undergoes decay over time. It has a relatively long half-life of about 245,500 years, which allows it to exist in significant quantities in nature, albeit at low concentrations.

Uranium-236 (U-236) is a radioactive isotope of uranium. It is one of the isotopes that can be produced through the capture of neutrons by uranium-235 (U-235), which is a more abundant isotope commonly used in nuclear reactors and weapons. U-236 has a relatively low occurrence in nature and is generally the result of nuclear reactions, such as those that occur in nuclear reactors or during the detonation of nuclear weapons.

Louis Guttman (1920–2014) was a prominent American sociologist and psychometrician known for his contributions to the fields of sociology, statistics, and measurement theory. He is best known for developing the Guttman scale (also known as the cumulative scale), which is a unidimensional scale used to measure a person's attitudes, opinions, or behaviors.

Michael Lin is an American mathematician known for his work in the field of number theory, particularly in relation to modular forms and algebraic geometry. He has made contributions to various areas, including arithmetic geometry and the study of automorphic forms. Lin has also been involved in various mathematical research projects and educational initiatives.

Mikhail Samuilovich Livsic (also known as Mikhail Livsic) is a notable mathematician known for his contributions to various areas in mathematics, particularly in the fields of dynamical systems, topology, and the theory of differential equations. His work has influenced both theoretical aspects of mathematics and applications in other scientific disciplines.

Moshé Machover is an Israeli philosopher and mathematician known for his contributions to the philosophy of mathematics and political activism. He has been a vocal critic of Israeli policies, particularly regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Machover is associated with leftist and Marxist movements and has participated in various political efforts advocating for justice and peace in the region. In the realm of mathematics, he has made significant contributions, though he is perhaps more widely known for his political writings and viewpoints.

Naum Meiman is a notable Russian-born American mathematician, primarily known for his contributions to various areas of mathematics, including number theory, mathematical logic, and set theory. His work has had an impact on both theoretical and applied mathematics. However, it is worth noting that details about particular mathematicians can sometimes overlap, and specific contributions might vary.

Oded Regev is an Israeli computer scientist known for his contributions to the fields of theoretical computer science, cryptography, and quantum computing. He is particularly recognized for his work on lattice-based cryptography, which is a field of encryption that relies on the mathematical structure of lattices in higher-dimensional spaces. This area of research is significant for developing cryptographic systems that are believed to be resistant to attacks by quantum computers.

The "Samson Option" refers to an alleged Israeli military strategy regarding its nuclear arsenal. The term is derived from the biblical figure Samson, who destroyed a temple and killed himself along with his enemies, symbolizing a last-resort option of massive retaliation. In the context of Israel, it implies that if the state were ever faced with an existential threat, it might resort to using its nuclear weapons as a means of ensuring that any adversary that attacked Israel would also face catastrophic consequences.

As of my knowledge cutoff in October 2021, Shaul Foguel does not appear to be a widely recognized figure in public discourse, academia, or popular culture. It is possible that he is a private individual, or perhaps has become notable after my last update.