The stack effect, also known as the chimney effect, is a phenomenon that occurs in buildings due to temperature differences between the indoor and outdoor environments. It is a natural ventilation process wherein warm air rises and exits through openings in the upper parts of a building, creating a pressure difference that draws in cooler air from lower openings.

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) is a set of conditions commonly used in chemistry and physics to allow for the comparison of measurements and calculations. The standard conditions are defined as: - **Standard Temperature**: 0 degrees Celsius (273.15 Kelvin) - **Standard Pressure**: 1 atmosphere (atm), which is equivalent to 101.325 kilopascals (kPa) or 760 millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

The State Postulate, also known as the State Principle, is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. It asserts that the state of a thermodynamic system is completely defined by a set of macroscopic properties, or variables, and that these properties are sufficient to describe the system's state at a given moment.

Sulfidation is a chemical process that involves the reaction of a substrate, typically a metal or alloy, with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds. This process generally leads to the formation of sulfide compounds on the surface of the material. Sulfidation can occur under various conditions, such as high temperatures or specific chemical environments, and it is often associated with high-temperature applications, like those found in petrochemical processing or metallurgical processes.

Thermodynamic and kinetic control refer to two different regimes that govern the outcomes of chemical reactions based on the stability of products and the energy landscape of the reaction pathway. ### Thermodynamic Control: - **Definition**: In thermodynamic control, the product that is formed is the most stable and has the lowest Gibbs free energy (ΔG) after the reaction reaches equilibrium. This stability is dependent on the overall energy profile, and not on the pathway taken to reach the products.

"Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgänge" refers to the thermodynamics of chemical processes. It is a branch of physical chemistry that deals with the principles and laws governing the energy changes and equilibrium states during chemical reactions and phase transformations. Key concepts in the thermodynamics of chemical processes include: 1. **Enthalpy (H)**: A measure of the total heat content of a system.

Thermal equilibrium refers to a condition in which two or more objects or systems exchanged heat until they reach the same temperature, resulting in no net flow of thermal energy between them. At thermal equilibrium, the temperature of the objects remains constant over time because the energy they exchange is balanced.

Thermal hydraulics is a branch of engineering that deals with the study of heat transfer and fluid flow, particularly in systems involving liquids and gases. It combines principles from thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and sometimes chemical processes to analyze and design systems where the interaction between heat and fluid motion is crucial.

Thermal inductance is a concept used in the study of heat transfer in materials and systems, drawing an analogy to electrical inductance in circuits. While electrical inductance pertains to the ability of a component to resist changes in current, thermal inductance measures the ability of a material or system to resist changes in temperature in response to heat flow. In more technical terms, thermal inductance describes how changes in temperature over time relate to heat flow through a medium.

Andrey Markov Jr. appears to be a reference to a basketball player, likely the son of former NHL player Andrey Markov. He is known for his youth basketball achievements and may be gaining attention in athletic circles. However, there is limited information available on him, and he may not be widely recognized outside of specific sports communities.

Thermal physics is a branch of physics that deals with the concepts of heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. It encompasses the principles of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and kinetic theory, and provides a comprehensive understanding of how thermal energy affects physical systems. Key areas within thermal physics include: 1. **Thermodynamics**: This is the study of the relationships between heat, work, temperature, and energy.

A thermal reservoir is a system, typically part of a thermodynamic cycle, that can absorb and release heat without experiencing a significant change in temperature. It acts as a source or sink for thermal energy and is usually conceptualized in discussions of heat engines, refrigerators, and other thermal systems. In essence, thermal reservoirs can be divided into two main categories: 1. **Hot Reservoir**: This is a source of heat at a higher temperature.

The triple point of a substance is the specific temperature and pressure at which the three phases of that substance—solid, liquid, and gas—can coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. At this unique point, the solid, liquid, and vapor phases of the substance are in balance, meaning that any change in one phase can lead to the formation or conversion into another phase without altering the overall pressure and temperature.

Vis viva, a Latin term meaning "living force," refers to the concept of kinetic energy in classical mechanics. It was introduced by the philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the 17th century. The concept of vis viva states that the amount of motion (or "living force") of an object is proportional to the product of its mass and the square of its velocity.

A vortex tube is a device that separates compressed air into hot and cold air streams without any moving parts. It utilizes the principles of fluid dynamics, specifically the vortex effect, to achieve this temperature separation. **How it Works:** 1. **Compressed Air Input**: Compressed air enters the vortex tube tangentially, causing it to spin rapidly inside the tube.

The thermo-dielectric effect refers to the phenomenon in which the dielectric properties of a material change in response to temperature variations. In simpler terms, dielectric materials, which are insulators that can be polarized by an electric field, can exhibit changes in their ability to store electrical energy (capacitance) or resist electrical conduction based on temperature alterations.

Thermodynamic instruments are devices used to measure and analyze various thermodynamic properties of substances, such as temperature, pressure, volume, and energy. These instruments help scientists and engineers understand and apply the principles of thermodynamics in various applications, ranging from industrial processes to environmental studies. Here are some common types of thermodynamic instruments: 1. **Thermometers**: Measure temperature. There are several types, including mercury, digital, and resistance thermometers.

Augustin Banyaga is a mathematician known for his work in differential geometry and mathematical physics, particularly in areas related to symplectic topology and the study of manifolds. He is recognized for his contributions to the understanding of various geometric structures and has published several influential papers in the field. Banyaga is also notable for his role in academic mentorship and education, helping to train and inspire future generations of mathematicians.

Beno Eckmann is a Swiss mathematician known for his contributions to various fields, including topology, functional analysis, and differential equations. He is particularly recognized for his work on fixed-point theorems and mathematical analysis. Eckmann has had a significant influence on modern mathematics, and his research has contributed to the development of several mathematical theories. In addition to his research, Beno Eckmann has been involved in mathematical education and has played a role in promoting mathematics in Switzerland and internationally.

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion is a technology that converts thermal radiation (infrared light) into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells. This process can be understood as follows: 1. **Energy Source**: TPV systems typically utilize a heat source, which can be anything from concentrated solar energy to waste heat from industrial processes. The goal is to achieve high temperatures, allowing for efficient thermal radiation.