Orthogonal functions are a set of functions that satisfy a specific property of orthogonality, which is analogous to the concept of orthogonal vectors in Euclidean space.

A **normed vector lattice** is a mathematical structure that combines the concepts of normed spaces and vector lattices.

Sergei Odintsov is likely a reference to a prominent Russian researcher and scientist known for his work in theoretical physics, particularly in the fields of cosmology and gravitation. He has contributed to various studies related to dark energy, modified theories of gravity, and cosmological models.

SPT0418-47 is a distant galaxy that was discovered using data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and other observatories. This galaxy is notable because it is one of the most distant known galaxies observed to date, located roughly 12.4 billion light-years away from Earth.

Gas lasers are a type of laser that generates light through the excitation of gas molecules or atoms. In these lasers, an electric current or another energy source is used to excite the gas, leading to the population inversion necessary for laser action. The excited gas then emits light as it returns to a lower energy state.

Geodesists, professionals who specialize in geodesy—the science of measuring and understanding the Earth's geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravity field—come from a wide variety of nationalities. This field is practiced globally, and geodesists can be found in many countries, with significant contributions from nations such as: 1. **United States**: Home to numerous organizations and universities specializing in geodesy.

The Normalized Difference Red Edge Index (NDREI) is a remote sensing index used to assess vegetation health and monitor plant stress. It leverages the reflectance properties of plants in the red edge region of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is typically found between the red and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. The red edge is particularly sensitive to changes in chlorophyll content and leaf structure, making it an effective indicator for analyzing vegetation conditions.

The Anglo-French Survey was a significant geodesic survey conducted between 1784 and 1790 with the objective of precisely measuring the arc of a meridian from Dunkirk in France to Torquay in England. This survey was part of a broader effort to establish a more accurate understanding of the size and shape of the Earth, ultimately contributing to the development of the metric system.

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) is a significant scientific research facility located in Shanghai, China. It primarily focuses on producing synchrotron radiation, which is a type of electromagnetic radiation emitted when charged particles, such as electrons, are accelerated through curved paths. This radiation has a wide range of applications in various fields of research, including materials science, biology, chemistry, and physics.

The Van Allen radiation belts are two layers of charged particles held in place by Earth's magnetic field. Named after American physicist James Van Allen, who discovered them in 1958 using data from the first successful U.S. satellite, Explorer 1, these belts comprise high-energy electrons and protons, primarily originating from the solar wind and cosmic rays.

The Hitchin–Thorpe inequality is a result in the field of differential geometry, particularly in the study of Riemannian manifolds. It provides a relationship between various geometric and topological properties of compact Riemannian manifolds with a specific focus on their curvature.

A circumzenithal arc is a type of optical phenomenon that appears as a bright, rainbow-like arc in the sky, typically seen when the sun is low on the horizon, usually in the early morning or late afternoon. It occurs when sunlight is refracted through ice crystals in the atmosphere, particularly those found in cirrus or cirrostratus clouds.

Astigmatism is a common optical imperfection that occurs in lenses and optical systems. It arises when a lens cannot focus light equally in all directions, leading to a distortion in the image produced. This is often due to the curvature of the lens surfaces not being perfectly spherical or, in the case of mirrors, not being perfectly parabolic. In a typical situation where astigmatism is present, light rays that enter the optical system at different angles will converge at different focal points.

Eskdalemuir Observatory is a scientific research facility located in the Scottish Borders, near the village of Eskdalemuir. Established in 1908, it is known primarily for its work in seismology and is operated by the British Geological Survey (BGS). The observatory is equipped with sensitive instruments that monitor seismic activity, both local and global, making it a key site for studying earthquakes and related phenomena.

Here’s a list of notable journals in the fields of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: ### Earth Sciences Journals: 1. **Journal of Geophysical Research** - Covers solid Earth, oceans, atmosphere, and space environments. 2. **Earth and Planetary Science Letters** - Focuses on the relationships between geological processes and the Earth’s evolution. 3. **Geology** - Publishes brief articles on all aspects of geology.

Animal migration tracking refers to the methods and technologies used to monitor and study the movement patterns of animals as they migrate from one location to another. This process involves collecting data on the routes taken, timing, distances traveled, and behaviors of animals during migration. The purpose of tracking migration is to better understand animal behavior, population dynamics, the impacts of environmental changes, and the ecological factors driving migration.

Reiner Braun is a fictional character from the popular anime and manga series "Attack on Titan" (Shingeki no Kyojin), created by Hajime Isayama. He is a member of the Warrior unit from Marley and plays a significant role in the story as one of the main antagonists, particularly in the earlier seasons.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, there isn't a widely known figure named Jürgen Kirschner in popular culture, politics, or academia that stands out. It's possible he could be a private individual, a professional in a niche field, or a new figure who has gained prominence after that date.

An Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) is an essential component in modern aircraft avionics systems. It combines air data and inertial reference information to provide critical data to the flight control systems, navigation systems, and display systems. Here's a breakdown of its main functions: ### Key Functions 1. **Air Data Measurement**: The ADIRU measures parameters like airspeed, altitude, temperature, and angle of attack using various sensors.

Furuno is a Japanese company known for its development and manufacturing of marine electronics and communication equipment. Founded in 1948, Furuno has established itself as a leading supplier in the maritime industry, providing a range of products including radar systems, sonar devices, GPS navigation systems, fish finders, and marine communication systems. These technologies are widely used in commercial shipping, fishing, and recreational boating.