Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in space collapse under their own gravity to form new stars. This process involves several stages and is a fundamental aspect of astrophysics and cosmology. Here are the key steps involved in star formation: 1. **Molecular Clouds**: Star formation begins in molecular clouds, which are large regions of gas and dust that are cool enough for hydrogen atoms to combine into molecules. These clouds are often referred to as stellar nurseries.

Spectroscopy is a scientific technique used to study the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. It involves measuring the light spectrum emitted, absorbed, or scattered by materials in order to obtain information about their composition, structure, and physical properties. The basic principle of spectroscopy is that different substances interact with light in unique ways, producing distinct patterns or spectra that serve as "fingerprints" for identification and analysis.

Computational problems in graph theory involve the study and analysis of graphs through algorithmic approaches. Graph theory itself is a mathematical field dealing with graphs, which are structures made up of vertices (or nodes) connected by edges. In computational terms, these problems typically focus on finding efficient algorithms for tasks involving these graphs. Here are some common types of computational problems in graph theory: 1. **Shortest Path Problems**: - Finding the shortest path between two vertices (e.g.