The N200 (or N2) is an event-related potential (ERP) component observed in electroencephalography (EEG) studies, commonly associated with cognitive processes such as attention, conflict monitoring, and stimulus evaluation. It typically occurs around 200 milliseconds after the presentation of a stimulus. The N200 is often studied in the context of tasks that require participants to differentiate between relevant and irrelevant stimuli or to respond to unexpected changes.

OpenBCI (Open Brain-Computer Interface) is an open-source platform designed for building brain-computer interface (BCI) devices that allow for the collection and analysis of neurological data. The platform aims to make BCI technology accessible to researchers, developers, and hobbyists interested in neuroscience and interactive technologies.

A magnetic particle clutch is a type of clutch that uses magnetic particles suspended in a fluid to engage and disengage its operation. This technology allows for smooth control of torque transmission and is often used in applications requiring variable speed and torque control. ### Key Features and Operation: 1. **Working Principle**: The clutch consists of two main components: a driving member and a driven member.

PGO waves, or Ponto-Geniculo-Occipital waves, are brain activity patterns that are observed during sleep, particularly in the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep phase. They are primarily recorded through electroencephalography (EEG) and are characterized by bursts of rhythmic activity in the brain. These waves are thought to play a role in the process of visual processing and the generation of dreams.

Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) is an advanced technique that involves the analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) data using quantitative methods. EEG is a neurophysiological monitoring method that measures electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp. While traditional EEG provides a visual representation of brain activity over time, qEEG applies statistical and mathematical techniques to analyze the EEG signals more rigorously.

Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) is a type of brainwave activity that is typically associated with states of relaxed alertness and focused attention. It is primarily recorded in the frequency range of 12 to 15 Hz using electroencephalography (EEG), and is most prominently observed over the central and parietal regions of the brain. SMR is often linked to the maintenance of a calm and attentive state while reducing unnecessary movement and sensory interference.

Theta waves are a type of brain wave that are typically characterized by a frequency range of 4 to 8 hertz (Hz). They are part of the broader spectrum of brain wave activity, which includes delta waves, alpha waves, beta waves, and gamma waves, with each category associated with different mental states and cognitive functions.

An electromagnetic brake is a type of braking system that utilizes electromagnetic forces to stop or slow down a moving object, such as a vehicle or machinery. This technology is commonly found in various applications, including trains, industrial equipment, and electric vehicles. ### Key Features of Electromagnetic Brakes: 1. **Operation Principle**: Electromagnetic brakes work by generating a magnetic field when an electric current passes through a coil.

A Double-T armature refers to a specific type of electrical armature design used in various types of electric motors and generators. The term "Double-T" typically describes the physical structure of the armature, which resembles the shape of two "T" letters placed back to back or side by side. This design enhances the armature's efficiency and performance characteristics in several ways.

Retarded time is a concept used in physics, particularly in the fields of electromagnetism and wave propagation, to account for the time delay that occurs when a signal travels through space. It is important in scenarios where the effects of changes in a source (like an oscillating charge) are not felt instantaneously at a distant point due to the finite speed of light (or other waves).

A ferrite core is a type of magnetic core made from ferrite, which is a ceramic compound composed of iron oxide mixed with other metals such as manganese, zinc, or nickel. Ferrite cores are commonly used in various electrical and electronic applications, particularly in inductors, transformers, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) suppression devices.

A magnetic cartridge is a type of device commonly used in turntables to convert the mechanical energy of a vinyl record's grooves into electrical signals, which can be amplified and played through speakers. This device is critical in analog audio systems. Here are the key components and workings of a magnetic cartridge: 1. **Structure**: Magnetic cartridges typically contain a small magnet and a coil of wire.

Radio is a technology that uses radio waves to transmit and receive information, typically audio content. It operates by encoding sound into electromagnetic waves, which can travel through the air over varying distances. Here's a breakdown of its key components and functions: 1. **Transmission**: Radio transmitters convert audio signals into radio waves and broadcast them through an antenna. These signals can be amplitude modulated (AM) or frequency modulated (FM), allowing for different qualities of sound and range.

A star chart, also known as a star map or celestial chart, is a graphical representation of the night sky, showing the positions of stars, constellations, and other celestial objects at a specific time and location. Star charts are used by astronomers, stargazers, and hobbyists to help identify and locate stars, planets, and other astronomical features.

A magnetic proximity fuze is a type of electrical device used in munitions, specifically in shells, missiles, and bombs, to detonate the explosive charge when the weapon approaches a target. Unlike traditional fuzes that rely on impacts or specific timing for detonation, magnetic proximity fuzes utilize magnetic fields to sense the presence of a metallic object, such as a ship, aircraft, or ground vehicle.

A telegraph sounder is an electromechanical device used in telegraphy to receive and convert electrical signals transmitted over telegraph wires into audible clicks or sounds. It plays a key role in the telegraph system, allowing operators to detect and interpret the Morse code messages being sent. Here’s how it works: 1. **Electrical Signal**: When a telegraph key is pressed at the sending end, it completes an electrical circuit that sends an electrical signal down the wire.

Aberration in astronomy refers to the apparent shift in the position of celestial objects due to the motion of the Earth and the finite speed of light. This phenomenon occurs because the light from stars and other astronomical objects takes time to reach us, and as the Earth moves in its orbit around the Sun, the position from which we observe these lights changes.

The Beer–Lambert law, also known as Beer's law, is a fundamental relationship in chemistry that describes how the absorption of light by a substance varies with the concentration of the substance and the path length of the light through the material. It is widely used in various applications, such as spectroscopy and analytical chemistry.

Absorption spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to measure the concentration of a substance in a sample by detecting the light absorbed by that substance when it is exposed to a specific wavelength range. The technique is based on the principle that different molecules absorb light at specific wavelengths, resulting in a characteristic absorption spectrum. Here's a more detailed breakdown of the process: 1. **Sample Interaction**: A light source emits light that passes through a sample containing the substance of interest.

Coherence time is a measure of the time duration over which a quantum system maintains its quantum coherence. In quantum mechanics, coherence refers to the ability of a quantum state to exhibit interference effects, which is crucial for many quantum phenomena and applications, such as quantum computing, quantum cryptography, and quantum optics.