Nina Fefferman is an American mathematician and biologist known for her research in the fields of mathematical biology, epidemiology, and mathematical modeling. She has contributed to understanding the dynamics of infectious diseases and complex systems. Fefferman has been involved in interdisciplinary studies that bridge mathematics and biology, often focusing on how mathematical frameworks can help in predicting disease spread and understanding ecological systems. Additionally, she has been active in promoting science communication and education.

René Thom (1923–2002) was a French mathematician best known for his contributions to topology and the development of catastrophe theory. Born in Montfavet, France, he made significant advancements in understanding mathematical phenomena that can exhibit sudden changes in behavior, which are modeled using "catastrophes." Catastrophe theory is a branch of mathematics that studies how small changes in the parameters of a system can lead to abrupt changes in its behavior or structure.

Walter M. Elsasser (1904–1991) was a prominent German-American physicist known for his work in various fields, including biophysics, geophysics, and the foundational aspects of biology and evolution. He is particularly recognized for his contributions to the understanding of the physical principles underlying biological processes. Elsasser's most notable work includes developing concepts related to the physical basis of life and proposing theories that integrate scientific principles across different domains, including physics and biology.

Fitness-density covariance is a concept from evolutionary biology, particularly in the study of population genetics and the dynamics of natural selection. It refers to the relationship between the fitness of individuals in a population and the density (or frequency) of those individuals in a phenotypic or genotypic space. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Fitness**: This refers to an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment. Higher fitness means a greater likelihood of contributing offspring to the next generation.

The Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) is a theoretical framework that seeks to explain various ecological patterns and processes through the lens of metabolic processes in living organisms. It posits that metabolic rate, which is fundamentally connected to body size and temperature, influences ecological dynamics and patterns across different levels of biological organization, from individuals to populations and communities.

The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity (UNTB) is an ecological theory that combines aspects of biodiversity and community ecology, focusing on the roles of competition, ecological drift, and dispersal in shaping species diversity and community composition. Developed by ecological theorist Stephen P.

The Vasicek model is a popular mathematical model used in finance and economics to describe the dynamics of interest rates, as well as asset prices. Developed by Oldrich Vasicek in 1977, the model is particularly noted for its ability to capture the mean-reverting behavior of interest rates, which is a common characteristic observed in real-world financial markets. ### Key Features of the Vasicek Model 1.

Itô's lemma is a fundamental result in stochastic calculus, which is used to analyze the behavior of stochastic processes, particularly those modeled by Itô processes. Itô's lemma provides a way to differentiate functions of stochastic processes, similar to how the chain rule is applied in standard calculus.

The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck operator is an important mathematical operator in the context of stochastic processes, particularly in the study of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) process, which is a well-known Gaussian process used to model mean-reverting behavior. ### Origin The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process is named after George Uhlenbeck and Leonard Ornstein, who introduced it in the context of statistical mechanics to describe the velocity of a particle undergoing Brownian motion under the influence of friction.

Palm calculus is a mathematical framework used primarily in the fields of stochastic processes and queueing theory, particularly for analyzing systems involving random points in time or space, such as arrival processes. It is named after the Swedish mathematician Gunnar Palm, who contributed to the development of this theory.

The Skorokhod problem is a mathematical problem in the field of stochastic processes, particularly relating to the theory of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). It involves finding a pair of processes—specifically, a continuous process and a reflecting process—that satisfy certain boundary conditions.

The One Woodland Terminal Model refers to a transportation or logistics concept that is often discussed in the context of supply chain management and operations research. It typically involves the use of a centralized terminal (or hub) for managing and processing goods and materials in a woodland or forested area. This model emphasizes efficiency in the transportation and handling of forest products, including timber, pulp, and other raw materials derived from woodlands.

A metre (or meter) is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as the distance that light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 seconds. This definition has been in place since 1983, and it reflects a fundamental constant of nature, making it a highly precise standard for measurement.

The Siddhānta Shiromani is a seminal work in Indian astronomy and mathematics authored by the 11th-century mathematician and astronomer Bhāskara II, also known as Bhāskara Acharya. The title translates to "The Crest Jewel of the Siddhāntas," referring to the collection of astronomical texts called Siddhāntas that were foundational to Indian astronomy.

Computed Tomography Enterography (CTE) is a specialized imaging technique designed to evaluate the small intestine. It uses a combination of X-ray technology and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images of the intestinal tract and surrounding tissues. ### Key Features of CTE: 1. **Indications**: CTE is often used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, tumors, obstructions, and other abnormalities of the small intestine.

The Crowther criterion is a concept used in the field of statistical inference, specifically in the context of estimating the parameters of a probability distribution. This criterion helps in determining the efficiency of an estimator based on the ratio of variances of the estimator to the variance of a more efficient estimator. In more specific terms, the Crowther criterion offers a way to compare the efficiency of different estimation procedures by considering the properties of the estimators, such as their bias and variance.

Eberhard Voit is a notable figure in the field of systems biology and bioinformatics, known for his contributions to the understanding of metabolic networks and dynamic systems in biological contexts. He has authored or co-authored numerous research papers and possibly books related to mathematical modeling, systems theory, and the analysis of biological systems. Voit’s work often involves the application of mathematical and computational techniques to study complex biological processes and their underlying mechanisms.

Godfrey Hounsfield was a British electrical engineer and computer scientist who is best known for his pioneering work in the development of computed tomography (CT) scanning. Born on August 28, 1919, and passing away on August 12, 2014, Hounsfield made significant contributions to medical imaging technology. In the early 1970s, he developed the first practical CT scanner, which allowed for the detailed visualization of internal structures of the body.

Multiscale tomography is an advanced imaging technique that enables the analysis of structures across different spatial scales. It integrates data from various imaging modalities or resolutions to provide a comprehensive view of an object, such as biological tissues, materials, or other complex systems. This approach is particularly useful in fields like medical imaging, materials science, and geophysics, where information at multiple scales can lead to better understanding and diagnostics.

Virtopsy is a term used to refer to a technique that combines advanced imaging technologies, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with forensic science to investigate deaths and injuries without the need for traditional autopsy procedures. The approach aims to provide a non-invasive means of examining a body for evidence and information about the cause of death or trauma.