Omitted-variable bias refers to the bias that occurs in statistical analyses, particularly in regression models, when a relevant variable is left out of the model. This can lead to incorrect estimates of the relationships between the included variables. When an important variable that affects both the dependent variable (the outcome) and one or more independent variables (the predictors) is omitted, it can cause the estimated coefficients of the included independent variables to be biased and inconsistent.

Online console gaming refers to playing video games on a gaming console (such as PlayStation, Xbox, or Nintendo Switch) over the internet. This allows players to connect with others, participate in multiplayer games, join online communities, and access digital content directly from their consoles. Key features of online console gaming include: 1. **Multiplayer Interaction**: Players can compete against or cooperate with others from around the world in real-time.

An Online Service Provider (OSP) is a business or organization that offers services to users over the Internet. These services can range widely, covering various categories such as communication, information access, entertainment, and cloud computing. OSPs typically provide platforms and infrastructure that enable users to perform specific tasks or access resources online. Some common types of online service providers include: 1. **Internet Service Providers (ISPs)**: Companies that provide users with access to the Internet.

Onyx is a short-range interceptor system developed primarily for use by the Russian military. It is designed to engage and destroy multiple aerial threats, including cruise missiles, drones, and other targets that may pose a risk to vital military and civilian installations. Onyx employs advanced radar and guidance technology to track and intercept targets. It is typically introduced as part of a multi-layered air defense strategy, providing a robust option for protecting areas against various aerial threats.

Open-notebook science is an approach to scientific research that emphasizes transparency and collaboration by making research notes, data, and methodologies publicly accessible in real-time. This practice involves scientists sharing their work, including experimental protocols, raw data, results, and thoughts, through online platforms, often in the form of an electronic laboratory notebook. Key features of open-notebook science include: 1. **Transparency**: By sharing research processes and findings openly, scientists allow others to replicate their work and validate results more easily.

An optical cluster state is a type of photonic quantum state that is now being studied for its potential applications in quantum computing and quantum information processing. Cluster states are a particular kind of multi-particle entangled state that can be used to implement measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC), where computations are carried out through a series of measurements performed on entangled states. ### Key Characteristics of Optical Cluster States: 1. **Entanglement**: Optical cluster states are strongly entangled states of photons.

Orest Khvolson was a Ukrainian-born American mathematician known for his work in functional analysis and the theory of linear operators. He was active in the mid-20th century and contributed to the development of various mathematical theories and concepts. His contributions often intersected with areas such as spectral theory and operator algebras. In addition to his mathematical work, Khvolson is noted for his involvement in education, mentoring students, and promoting mathematical research.

Orla Ní Fhinneadha is not a widely recognized name in public knowledge or media as of my last knowledge update in October 2023. It is possible that she could be a private individual or a professional with regional or field-specific recognition that has emerged after my last update.

Parity measurement is a concept primarily found in the fields of quantum mechanics and quantum information theory. In general, it refers to the way in which systems or states are analyzed based on their symmetry properties concerning certain transformations, typically involving inversion in spatial coordinates, which leads to a distinction between even and odd configurations. Here are some contexts in which parity measurements are relevant: 1. **Quantum States**: In quantum systems, particles can exhibit properties that are even or odd under parity transformations.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, there is no widely recognized entity, product, or concept known as "Outime." It is possible that it is a new term, product, or company that has emerged since then.

The term "Oxhydroelectric effect" does not correspond to any widely recognized scientific phenomenon as of my last knowledge update in October 2023. It's possible that the term may refer to a relatively niche or emerging concept within the fields of physics, engineering, or materials science, or it may be a typographical error or misinterpretation of other established terms.

Overseas experience generally refers to time spent living, working, studying, or traveling in a foreign country. This experience can encompass a variety of activities, such as: 1. **Work Abroad**: Engaging in a professional job in another country, which can enhance career skills, provide unique work experiences, and broaden professional networks. 2. **Study Abroad**: Participating in educational programs or internships in foreign institutions.

The parity of a permutation refers to whether the permutation is even or odd based on the number of transpositions it can be decomposed into. - A **transposition** is a permutation that swaps two elements while leaving all others unchanged. - A permutation is classified as **even** if it can be expressed as a product of an even number of transpositions, and it is classified as **odd** if it can be expressed as a product of an odd number of transpositions.

P-adic Hodge theory is a branch of mathematics that lies at the intersection of algebraic geometry, number theory, and representation theory. It provides a framework for understanding the behavior of p-adic forms and their connections to classical geometry.

The term "pairing strategy" can refer to a variety of contexts, but it generally involves the pairing or matching of elements to achieve specific goals or outcomes. Here are a few areas where pairing strategies are commonly applied: 1. **Education**: In instructional settings, pairing strategies might involve grouping students together based on complementary skill levels, interests, or learning styles to enhance collaborative learning.

Pascale Ehrenfreund is an accomplished astrophysicist and astrobiologist known for her work in the fields of planetary science and the study of life in the universe. She has served in various academic and administrative positions and has been involved in research related to astrobiology, organic compounds in space, and the potential for life on other planets.

PASS Sample Size Software is a statistical tool designed to help researchers and analysts determine the appropriate sample size for their studies, ensuring that their analyses have sufficient power to detect effects or differences. The software can handle various types of statistical tests and is often used in fields like clinical research, social sciences, and market research.

Path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) is a computational technique used to study quantum many-body systems at finite temperatures. It combines principles from quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and numerical simulation to provide insights into the behavior of systems of particles, such as atoms and molecules, where quantum effects are significant. ### Key Concepts of Path Integral Monte Carlo: 1. **Path Integrals**: PIMC is based on the Feynman path integral formulation of quantum mechanics.

Paul Christiano is a researcher known for his work in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly focused on AI safety, alignment, and the development of robust AI systems. He has contributed to discussions about how to ensure that advanced AI systems act in ways that are beneficial to humanity and align with human values. During his time at OpenAI, Paul worked on various projects related to AI alignment and safety, exploring techniques for better aligning the goals of AI with human intentions.

Herwig Schopper is a notable German physicist, particularly recognized for his contributions to particle physics and accelerator technology. Born on March 10, 1924, he played a significant role in the development of various large-scale particle accelerators and was involved in major research projects at institutions such as CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research). One of Schopper's prominent positions was serving as the Director-General of CERN from 1981 to 1983.