The Goldman equation, also known as the Goldman equation for membrane potential, is a mathematical formula used to calculate the membrane potential of a cell based on the concentrations of different ions inside and outside the cell. It accounts for the permeability of the membrane to these ions, providing a more comprehensive view than the Nernst equation, which addresses only a single ion's contribution to the membrane potential.

The Hofmeister series is a classification of ions based on their effects on the solubility and stability of proteins and other biomolecules in solution. It is named after the German chemist Franz Hofmeister, who conducted studies in the late 19th century that revealed how different ions affect protein behavior. The series is primarily concerned with the ability of ions to stabilize or destabilize protein structures and other colloidal systems in aqueous solutions.

Isotopomers are molecules that differ only in the isotopic composition of their atoms. They share the same molecular formula and structural arrangement, but at least one atom in the molecule has a different isotope.

Liquid junction potential is an electrochemical phenomenon that occurs at the interface between two different electrolyte solutions when they are in contact with each other. It arises due to differences in the mobility and concentration of ions in the two solutions. When two electrolyte solutions meet, ion concentration and mobility differences lead to the development of a potential difference. For example, if one solution has a higher concentration of a certain ion compared to the other, the movement of that ion can create a difference in electrical charge across the boundary.

A mixed-valence complex refers to a type of coordination complex in which a central metal ion exhibits multiple oxidation states or valences in a single molecular species. This means that within the complex, some of the metal ions are in one oxidation state while others are in a different oxidation state. Mixed-valence complexes are commonly found in transition metal chemistry and are significant for their electronic properties and their roles in various chemical processes including electron transfer reactions.

Miroslav Žamboch is a Czech author known for his work in the field of science fiction, fantasy, and action literature. He gained popularity for his engaging storytelling and character development. Žamboch has written a number of novels and short stories, often featuring elements of adventure, combat, and complex moral themes. In addition to his novels, he has also contributed to the Czech fantasy community through various anthologies and collaborations. His works are appreciated for their fast-paced narratives and dynamic plots.

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded to each other. The components of a mixture retain their individual properties and can usually be separated by physical means. Mixtures can be classified into two main categories: 1. **Homogeneous Mixtures**: These have a uniform composition throughout. The individual components are not easily distinguishable. Examples include solutions like saltwater or air. 2. **Heterogeneous Mixtures**: These consist of visibly different substances or phases.

Molar conductivity, also known as molar conductance, is a measure of how well a particular solute conducts electricity when dissolved in a solvent, typically water. It is defined as the conductance of a solution divided by the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Molar refractivity is a physical property of a substance that relates to how light interacts with the material at the molecular level. It is defined as the measure of how much the speed of light is reduced within a substance compared to its speed in a vacuum, and it incorporates both the volume and the polarizability of the molecules in that substance.

The point of zero charge (PZC) refers to the pH at which a solid surface, often a colloid or an oxide, has no net electrical charge. At this specific pH, the number of positive charges on the surface balances out with the number of negative charges, resulting in a neutral charge overall. The concept of PZC is particularly important in various fields such as soil science, material science, and colloid chemistry.

A "random coil" refers to a conformation of a polymer chain, particularly in the context of proteins and other macromolecules. In this state, the individual segments of the chain do not adopt a fixed or regular three-dimensional structure, resulting in a highly flexible, disordered configuration. This contrasts with more structured conformations like alpha helices and beta sheets, which are stable, ordered structures found in proteins. Random coils can be important in various biological and physical processes.

The reactivity-selectivity principle is a concept in organic chemistry that describes the relationship between the reactivity of a chemical species and its selectivity in forming particular products during a chemical reaction. Essentially, it posits that reactions that are more reactive often produce a broader range of products, leading to lower selectivity. Conversely, reactions that have lower reactivity are typically more selective, yielding fewer products.

Solvent effects refer to the influence that the solvent has on the properties and behavior of solutes in a solution. When substances (solutes) dissolve in a solvent, the solvent can alter various aspects of the solute’s behavior, such as its reactivity, stability, solubility, and physical properties. Solvent effects are important in fields such as chemistry, biology, and materials science.

Spin chemistry is a field of chemistry that focuses on the role of electron and nuclear spin in chemical systems and reactions. It explores how the intrinsic angular momentum (or "spin") of particles like electrons and nuclei can influence chemical processes, including reactions, bonding, and molecular dynamics. Key aspects of spin chemistry include: 1. **Spin States**: Molecules can exist in different spin states (e.g., singlet and triplet states for electrons) which can have different properties and reactivities.

In chemistry, the term "steady state" refers to a condition in which the concentrations of reactants and products in a chemical system remain constant over time, even though the system may still be undergoing chemical reactions. This concept is often used in the context of reaction kinetics and dynamic systems where reactions are occurring at measurable rates. In a steady state, the rates of formation and consumption of specific species are balanced, leading to constant concentrations.

Photochemists are scientists who specialize in the study of photochemistry, which is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Photochemists investigate how light interacts with matter, particularly how light absorption can lead to chemical changes. This includes studying processes such as: 1. **Photophysical Processes**: Understanding how molecules absorb light and how that energy is converted into other forms.

"Professors of Physical Chemistry" at Cambridge typically refers to academic faculty members who specialize in the field of physical chemistry within the University of Cambridge. This department would involve research and teaching on topics that blend principles of physics and chemistry, including studies related to thermodynamics, reaction dynamics, quantum chemistry, and statistical mechanics. At Cambridge, physical chemistry is usually part of the broader Department of Chemistry, which is known for its rigorous academic programs and significant contributions to research in various branches of chemistry.

Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann was a notable German physicist and materials scientist, best known for his contributions to the understanding of glass and amorphous materials. He made significant advancements in the study of crystallization processes and the behavior of materials at varying temperatures and compositions. His work has been influential in both theoretical and applied materials science, particularly in areas related to the properties of solids and the development of new materials.

Gustavo R. Paz-Pujalt does not appear to be a widely recognized public figure, academic, or topic as of my last knowledge update in October 2023. It’s possible that he is a professional or researcher in a specific field, but without more context, it’s difficult to provide detailed information.