The term "87 mm artillery" typically refers to artillery pieces that have a caliber of 87 millimeters. This size is somewhat unusual, as most artillery is categorized in larger standard calibers such as 75 mm, 105 mm, 155 mm, etc. One of the most notable examples of 87 mm artillery is the Soviet 87 mm anti-tank gun, which was developed during World War II.

The term "890 mm artillery" generally refers to artillery pieces that have a bore diameter of 890 millimeters. One of the most notable examples of artillery in this size category is the **German "Dora" railway gun**, used during World War II. The Dora was one of the largest artillery pieces ever built and was capable of firing massive shells over long distances. The **Dora** weighed about 1,350 tons and required a train track to transport it.

"Faule Mette" is a term from German folklore, particularly associated with the traditions of northern Germany. In folklore, Faule Mette (which translates to "Lazy Mette" in English) is often depicted as a character or figure symbolizing laziness or sloth. The story typically involves Mette being personified as a lazy woman who avoids work and responsibilities, sometimes leading to humorous situations or moral lessons about the importance of hard work and diligence.

The Jaivana Cannon, also known as the "Jaivana," is a historic cannon that was built in India during the 18th century. It was cast in 1720 by the famous Indian artillery designer and metalworker, the Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II of Jaipur, who is also known for founding the city of Jaipur. The cannon is notable for its impressive size and weight.

The electrocaloric effect is a phenomenon in which a material's temperature changes in response to the application or removal of an electric field. Specifically, when an electric field is applied to a dielectric material, the alignment of the dipoles within the material can change, leading to a change in its entropy and consequently a change in temperature. This effect is described as a thermodynamic process and can be utilized for cooling applications.

The Classical Heisenberg model is a theoretical framework used to describe the magnetic properties of a system of spins (or magnetic moments) arranged on a lattice. It is based on the concepts of classical mechanics and statistical mechanics, and it provides insights into phenomena such as ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism.

Spin ice is a type of magnetic material that exhibits properties similar to those of water ice, specifically in terms of its low-temperature magnetic order. The name "spin ice" refers to the analogy between the ordering of magnetic moments (spins) in the material and the arrangement of water molecules in ice. In spin ice, the magnetic moments are typically associated with rare earth or transition metal ions that have multiple magnetic states.

Deformation mechanisms refer to the processes and mechanisms by which materials change shape or dimension under applied stress or load. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial in fields such as materials science, engineering, geology, and mechanics, as they help predict how materials will behave under various conditions. Here are some common types of deformation mechanisms: 1. **Elastic Deformation**: This is a reversible process where materials deform when a stress is applied but return to their original shape when the stress is removed.

Thick-skinned deformation is a geological term used to describe a type of tectonic deformation that primarily affects the upper crust of the Earth, where the deformation occurs mainly through the movement and interaction of large blocks of lithosphere. This process is typically associated with compressional forces, where the Earth's crust is pushed together, resulting in significant folding, faulting, and the uplift of rock masses.

The alkali-carbonate reaction generally refers to a chemical reaction that occurs between alkali metals or their compounds (like sodium, potassium, or their hydroxides) and carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻). One common context for this reaction is in the production of various chemical compounds, such as when alkali metal hydroxides react with carbon dioxide to form carbonates.

A crack arrestor, also known as a crack arrestor system or crack termination device, is a component or system used in materials and structures to prevent the propagation of cracks or to control the growth of existing cracks. It is employed in various engineering and construction applications to enhance the durability and longevity of materials subjected to stress, fatigue, or environmental factors.

Crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) is a measure used in materials science and fracture mechanics to describe the amount of separation or displacement of the crack faces at the tip of a crack under loading conditions. It is an important parameter in understanding the behavior of materials when they are subjected to stress and is particularly useful in assessing the toughness and resistance to crack propagation in materials.

Fractography is the study of fracture surfaces in materials, typically metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. It involves the detailed examination and analysis of the features and characteristics of fracture surfaces to determine the cause of failure and to gain insights into the material's properties and behaviors. Key aspects of fractography include: 1. **Fracture Surface Features**: Fractographs can reveal various features such as dimples, cleavage planes, river patterns, and fatigue striations.

Microvoid coalescence is a phenomenon observed in materials, particularly metals and polymers, during the process of deformation and fracture. It involves the formation and growth of small voids (or microvoids) within the material's microstructure, which ultimately leads to a coalescence, or merging, of these voids. This mechanism is significant in understanding how materials fail under stress, especially in ductile fracture mechanisms.

Foxing refers to the yellowish-brown spots or discoloration that can appear on paper, particularly in books, due to age, humidity, and exposure to light. This phenomenon is often caused by the breakdown of the paper's fibers, mold, or chemical reactions involving impurities in the paper or ink. Foxing is commonly seen in older books, particularly those that are not stored properly. Collectors often seek to minimize or remove foxing to preserve the integrity and aesthetic of the printed work.

Widespread Fatigue Damage (WFD) is a term primarily used in the context of structural engineering and materials science, particularly in the assessment of aircraft and other structures that experience cyclic loading. WFD refers to the accumulation of microstructural damage in materials due to repeated loading and unloading — a phenomenon known as fatigue. In the aerospace industry, for instance, aircraft components are subjected to numerous cycles of stress during their operational life.

Ablation generally refers to the process of removing or destroying tissue or material through various methods. The term is used in several contexts, each with its own specific meaning: 1. **Medical Context**: In medicine, ablation refers to the removal of tissue, often using techniques such as surgery, laser treatment, radiofrequency, or cryotherapy. For example, cardiac ablation is a procedure used to treat arrhythmias by destroying small areas of heart tissue that cause abnormal electrical signals.

"Wear" can refer to several contexts, depending on how it's used. Here are the primary meanings: 1. **Clothing and Accessories**: Most commonly, "wear" refers to garments or clothing items. It encompasses various styles and types of apparel, including casual wear, formal wear, and sportswear.

The Melvin Mooney Distinguished Technology Award is an honor presented by the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society (ACS). Established in 1942, the award recognizes outstanding achievement in the field of rubber technology. It is named after Melvin Mooney, who was a prominent figure in rubber technology and made significant contributions to the industry. The award is typically given to individuals or teams for their innovative advancements or contributions that have had a substantial impact on the science and technology of rubber and elastomers.

The Israel Journal of Mathematics is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research papers in various areas of mathematics. Established in 1963, the journal is known for its high-quality publications and covers a wide range of topics within pure and applied mathematics, including analysis, algebra, geometry, topology, and mathematical physics. The journal aims to promote the dissemination of significant mathematical research, support the mathematics community, and provide a platform for mathematicians to share their findings.