External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is a method of delivering radiation treatment to cancer patients. It involves directing high-energy beams of radiation from outside the body towards the tumor. The purpose of EBRT is to destroy cancer cells or inhibit their growth while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.

The Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) is a standardized format for organizing and sharing neuroimaging data. Developed to facilitate the sharing and analysis of brain imaging datasets, BIDS standardizes how information is structured, labeled, and stored. This helps researchers to easily collaborate and reuse data across different studies and institutions.

Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used primarily for the characterization of materials. It is based on the Auger effect, which describes the process by which an electron is emitted from an atom as a result of an inner-shell electron transition. This technique is particularly useful for studying the elemental composition and electronic states of surfaces.

Calculated Industries is a company specializing in tools and solutions for construction, engineering, and other industries that require precise measurements and calculations. Founded in 1978, the company is known for its innovative products, including calculators specifically designed for construction, trades, and other professional applications. Their product line typically includes construction calculators, digital measuring tools, and software solutions that help professionals in planning and executing projects more accurately and efficiently.

Heathkit was a brand known for its electronic kits, which were popular from the 1940s through the 1990s. The company, officially known as Heath Company, was founded in 1947 by Everett Heath. Heathkit gained popularity for selling a variety of do-it-yourself kits for electronic devices, including radios, amplifiers, test equipment, and even computers.

Victor 3900 refers to a specific model of advanced gas chromatograph often used in scientific and industrial applications for analyzing the composition of chemical mixtures. Gas chromatography is a technique that separates and analyzes compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.

Neuronal galvanotropism refers to the phenomenon where neurons exhibit directional growth or movement in response to an electric field. This process is a form of galvanotaxis, a broader term that applies to the movement of various cell types towards or away from an electric current. In the context of neurons, studies have shown that electric fields can influence the orientation and growth of neuronal processes, such as axons and dendrites.

Anode break excitation (ABE) is a technique used in electrical engineering, specifically in the control of synchronous machines and in the operation of certain types of thyristor-based circuits. ABE involves a temporary interruption of the anode current in thyristors (or similar devices) to control the timing and sequence of the electrical excitation applied to the machine, allowing for smoother operation and better control of its performance.

The cardiac transient outward potassium current, often abbreviated as I_to, is a significant ionic current that plays a critical role in the electrical activity of cardiac myocytes (heart muscle cells). This current is primarily characterized by its transient nature, meaning that it is activated and deactivated quickly during the action potential of cardiac cells. ### Key Features of I_to: 1. **Ion Movement**: I_to primarily involves the movement of potassium ions (K+) out of the cardiac cells.

Facial electromyography (EMG) is a diagnostic and research technique used to measure the electrical activity of facial muscles. It involves the use of electrodes placed on the skin surface over specific muscles to detect electrical signals generated by muscle contractions. This method is often employed in various fields such as psychology, neurology, and rehabilitation to study muscle function, facial expressions, and emotional responses.

Electrocorticography (ECoG) is a neurosurgical technique used to measure the electrical activity of the brain. It involves placing electrodes directly on the surface of the cerebral cortex, allowing for high-resolution recordings of neural signals. This technique is often used in clinical contexts, particularly in the evaluation and treatment of epilepsy, as it provides more precise information about brain function compared to non-invasive methods like electroencephalography (EEG).

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) are advanced tools used in neuroscience to measure changes in membrane potential across the cell membranes of neurons and other types of cells. Unlike traditional methods that often rely on electrodes or dyes that require external application, GEVIs are genetically encoded proteins that can be expressed within living cells. ### Key Features of GEVIs: 1. **Genetic Encoding**: GEVIs are typically based on fluorescent protein technology.

The Lippmann electrometer is a type of sensitive instrument used to measure electric potential (voltage). It is based on the principle of measuring the height of a liquid column in a capillary tube, where the liquid is typically mercury. The device is named after the physicist Walter Lippmann. The basic working principle involves the following steps: 1. **Mercury Column**: The Lippmann electrometer uses a column of mercury contained in a glass tube.

Nav1.4, also known as the voltage-gated sodium channel type IV alpha subunit, is a protein that is encoded by the **SCN4A** gene in humans. It is primarily expressed in skeletal muscle and plays a critical role in the generation and propagation of action potentials in muscle fibers. Here are some key points about Nav1.4: 1. **Function**: Nav1.

Single sensillum recording (SSR) is a neurophysiological technique used to study the activity of individual sensory neurons, particularly those found within sensory organs known as sensilla in insects and other arthropods. This technique allows researchers to measure the electrical responses of individual sensory cells when they are stimulated by specific environmental stimuli, such as odors or chemicals.

Schöniger oxidation is a chemical reaction that involves the oxidation of organic compounds, particularly alcohols, to their corresponding carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones. This reaction utilizes a mixture of selenium dioxide (SeO₂) and a suitable oxidizing agent, often hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), to achieve the oxidation.

Axial symmetry, also known as rotational symmetry or cylindrical symmetry, refers to a property of a shape or object where it appears the same when rotated around a particular axis. In simpler terms, if you can rotate the object about a specific line (the axis), it will look identical at various angles of rotation.

The Carius halogen method is a chemical analytical technique used to determine the halogen content, particularly the amount of chlorine, bromine, or iodine, in organic compounds. Named after the chemist Friedrich Carius who developed the method, it is a useful tool in organic chemistry and materials science for the analysis of halogenated organic compounds.

Voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) are specialized fluorescent dyes that can be used to measure the electrical activity of membranes, particularly in neurons and other excitable cells. These dyes change their fluorescence properties in response to changes in membrane potential, allowing researchers to visualize and quantify electrical signals in real-time. ### Key Features of Voltage-Sensitive Dyes: 1. **Mechanism**: VSDs typically contain a hydrophobic moiety that embeds within the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.

A dodecagon is a twelve-sided polygon. The term comes from the Greek words "dodeca," meaning twelve, and "gonia," meaning angle. A regular dodecagon has all sides and angles equal, while an irregular dodecagon may have sides and angles of differing lengths and measures.