National Cyber Security Awareness Month (NCSAM) is a campaign observed in October each year in the United States to promote awareness and education about cybersecurity. It was established in 2004 by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the National Cyber Security Alliance (NCSA) to encourage individuals, organizations, and businesses to adopt safe online practices and to increase understanding of how to protect personal and organizational data in the digital world.

The timeline of computing represents the key developments and milestones in the history of computer technology and its evolution over the years. Here’s a brief overview of significant events and advancements: ### Pre-20th Century - **Abacus (circa 500 BC)**: One of the earliest known calculating devices. - **Mechanical Calculators (17th Century)**: Devices like Blaise Pascal's Pascaline and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's Step Reckoner.

In computer security, a "principal" refers to any entity that can be authenticated by a system. This typically includes users, devices, or applications that can be assigned identities and can request access to resources. The principal concept is foundational for various security models, including access control and authentication systems. Principals can generally be identified by unique identifiers, such as usernames, digital certificates, or tokens.

The Spanish Network of Excellence on Cybersecurity Research (Red de Excelencia en Investigación de Ciberseguridad) is an initiative aimed at fostering collaboration and enhancing research in the field of cybersecurity within Spain. It typically involves a consortium of universities, research institutions, and industry partners dedicated to advancing knowledge, innovation, and technology related to cybersecurity. The objectives of such networks often include: 1. **Collaboration**: Promoting joint research projects and initiatives among different institutions to leverage collective expertise and resources.

Security.txt is a proposed standard that aims to help organizations provide a clear and accessible way for security researchers and ethical hackers to report security vulnerabilities. The idea is to create a simple text file that can be placed in a specific location on a website, typically at `/.well-known/security.txt`, which contains information about how to contact the organization regarding security issues. The contents of a security.

In the context of cybersecurity, a "wargame" refers to a simulated exercise or competition that tests the skills of individuals or teams in offensive or defensive cyber operations. These wargames often aim to replicate real-world scenarios where hackers attempt to breach systems or networks, while defenders work to protect them.

The **Site Security Handbook** refers to a comprehensive guide that outlines best practices and protocols for ensuring the security of a facility, location, or site. While the specifics can vary depending on the context (e.g., corporate buildings, construction sites, military installations, data centers), a Site Security Handbook typically includes the following elements: 1. **Introduction to Security Principles**: An overview of the importance of site security, potential threats, and the objectives of a security program.

The Thomson MO5, often referred to simply as the MO5, is a home computer that was popular in France during the 1980s. Released by the French company Thomson in 1985, it was part of the 8-bit home computer era and was designed for educational use and as a general-purpose computer for families. Key features of the Thomson MO5 include: - **Processor**: It is based on the Zilog Z80 CPU.

"Trust on First Use" (TOFU) is a concept often associated with cryptographic key management and security, particularly in the context of public key infrastructure (PKI). It refers to the idea that a user may trust a public key or certificate the first time they encounter it, without any prior verification or authentication.

In the context of computer science, "Vanish" refers to a system designed for secure data storage and sharing that leverages cryptographic techniques to ensure that sensitive information can be erased or rendered inaccessible after a certain period. Vanish enables users to store information in such a way that it becomes unrecoverable after a defined time interval, which is particularly useful for protecting privacy and maintaining data temporality.

The timeline of free and open-source software (FOSS) is marked by significant events, publications, and key figures that have shaped the movement. Below is a succinct overview of some landmark moments in the history of FOSS: ### 1960s - **1969**: The UNIX operating system is developed at AT&T's Bell Labs, promoting the culture of sharing source code among academic institutions.

Internet shogi servers are online platforms that allow players to play the Japanese board game shogi against each other in real-time over the internet. Shogi, often referred to as Japanese chess, is a strategic game that involves two players moving pieces on a 9x9 board, with the goal of checkmating the opponent's king. These servers typically offer a variety of features for players, including: 1. **Live Play**: Players can challenge each other in real-time games.

Here's a timeline of significant products released by Apple Inc. since its founding in 1976. This timeline highlights critical milestones, major innovations, and product introductions: ### 1970s - **1976**: Apple I - The first product, a single-board computer designed by Steve Wozniak. - **1977**: Apple II - A highly successful early personal computer with color graphics and an open architecture.

A research program is a systematic plan or organized initiative to conduct research on a specific topic or set of topics. It typically involves a series of related projects, studies, or inquiries aimed at generating new knowledge, understanding phenomena, or solving specific problems. Research programs can be found in various fields, including the sciences, humanities, social sciences, and engineering.

The timeline of computing hardware before 1950 includes several key developments and devices that laid the groundwork for modern computing. Here’s a chronological overview of significant milestones: ### Pre-20th Century - **Abacus (circa 3000 BCE)**: One of the first known calculating tools used for counting and arithmetic operations.

"Bullshit" is a colloquial term often used to describe statements, claims, or behaviors that are considered insincere, nonsensical, misleading, or lacking in genuine meaning or truth. It can refer to exaggerations, falsehoods, or empty rhetoric. The term conveys a sense of frustration or cynicism regarding the quality or integrity of what is being communicated.

Conceptual necessity refers to the idea that certain statements, truths, or propositions are necessarily true based on the meanings of the concepts involved, rather than on empirical observation or contingent facts about the world. In other words, a conceptually necessary statement is one that must be true simply because of the way the terms are defined. For example, the statement "All bachelors are unmarried" is conceptually necessary because, by definition, a bachelor is an unmarried man.

The conduit metaphor is a concept in linguistics and communication theory that describes the way people understand and discuss the process of transferring ideas and information. According to this metaphor, communication is seen as a process where thoughts and ideas are packaged into words (the "conduit") which are then transmitted from one person to another. The sender encodes their thoughts into a communicative form, and the receiver decodes them back into thoughts.

"De dicto" and "de re" are Latin phrases used in philosophy, particularly in the context of epistemology, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language. They refer to different ways of understanding the relationship between propositions and the objects they refer to. 1. **De dicto**: This term translates to "of the saying" or "of the words.

New Mysterianism is a philosophical position that suggests certain questions about consciousness and the nature of the mind may be fundamentally beyond human understanding. The term is most commonly associated with the work of philosopher Colin McGinn, who argues that there may be limits to human cognition that prevent us from fully grasping how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experiences such as thoughts, feelings, and perceptions.