Was the first model to explain the Balmer series, notably linking atomic spectra to the Planck constant and therefore to other initial quantum mechanical observations.
This was one of the first major models that just said:
I give up, I can't tie this to classical physics in any way, let's just roll with it, OK?
It still treats electrons as little points spinning around the nucleus, but it makes the non-classical postulate that only certain angular momentums (and therefore energies) are allowed.
Bibliography:
- Inward Bound by Abraham Pais (1988) Chapter 9.e Atomic structure and spectral lines - Niels Bohr
- The Quantum Story by Jim Baggott (2011) Chapter 3 A Little Bit of Reality
Metric space but where the distance between two distinct points can be zero.
Notable example: Minkowski space.
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for three different temperatures
. Magic: The Gathering content creator by
Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-05-21 +Created 1970-01-01
Ciro Santilli wonders how legal it is. They very explicitly do not mention the words Magic: The Gathering anywhere.
No online play.
In the case of machine learning in particular, it is not part of the training data set.
Hyperparameters can also be considered in domains outside of machine learning however, e.g. the step size in partial differential equation solver is entirely independent from the problem itself and could be considered a hyperparamter. One difference from machine learning however is that step size hyperparameters in numerical analysis are clearly better if smaller at a higher computational cost. In machine learning however, there is often an optimum somewhere, beyond which overfitting becomes excessive.
Nineteen Century Clouds by Lord Kelvin (1901) by
Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-05-21 +Created 1970-01-01
Matrix representation of a linear form by
Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-05-21 +Created 1970-01-01
For the typical case of a linear form over , the form can be seen just as a row vector with n elements, the full form being specified by the value of each of the basis vectors.
Lie Algebras In Particle Physics by Howard Georgi (1999) by
Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-05-21 +Created 1970-01-01
Furthermore, TODO confirm it is possible that a solution does not exist at all if and aren't sufficiently small.
This formula is likely the basis for the Lie group-Lie algebra correspondence. With it, we express the actual group operation in terms of the Lie algebra operations.
Notably, remember that a algebra over a field is just a vector space with one extra product operation defined.
Vector spaces are simple because all vector spaces of the same dimension on a given field are isomorphic, so besides the dimension, once we define a Lie bracket, we also define the corresponding Lie group.
Since a group is basically defined by what the group operation does to two arbitrary elements, once we have that defined via the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula, we are basically done defining the group in terms of the algebra.
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