This theorem roughly states that states that for every quantum algorithm, once we reach a certain level of physical error rate small enough (where small enough is algorithm dependant), then we can perfectly error correct.
This algorithm provides the conceptual division between noisy intermediate-scale quantum era and post-NISQ.
The key experiment/phenomena that sets the basis for photonic quantum computing is the two photon interference experiment.
The physical representation of the information encoding is very easy to understand:
  • input: we choose to put or not photons into certain wires or no
  • interaction: two wires pass very nearby at some point, and photons travelling on either of them can jump to the other one and interact with the other photons
  • output: the probabilities that photos photons will go out through one wire or another
Video 1.
Jeremy O'Brien: "Quantum Technologies" by GoogleTechTalks (2014)
Source. This is a good introduction to a photonic quantum computer. Highly recommended.
Ring signature by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Used for example:
Pilus by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Can either be a cell's dick used during bacterial conjugation, or little attachment anchors.
Particle decay by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Can produce two entangled particles.

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