Incoming links: Photomultiplier tube
Richard Feynman Quantum Electrodynamics Lecture at University of Auckland (1979) Updated 2025-05-23 +Created 1970-01-01
6 hour lecture, where he tries to explain it to an audience that does not know any modern physics. This is a noble effort.
Part of The Douglas Robb Memorial Lectures lecture series.
Feynman apparently also made a book adaptation: QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. That book is basically word by word the same as the presentation, including the diagrams.
According to www.feynman.com/science/qed-lectures-in-new-zealand/ the official upload is at www.vega.org.uk/video/subseries/8 and Vega does show up as a watermark on the video (though it is too pixilated to guess without knowing it), a project that has been discontinued and has has a non-permissive license. Newbs.
4 parts:This talk has the merit of being very experiment oriented on part 2, big kudos: how to teach and learn physics
- Part 1: is saying "photons exist"
- Part 2: is amazing, and describes how photons move as a sum of all possible paths, not sure if it is relativistic at all though, and suggests that something is minimized in that calculation (the action)
- Part 3: is where he hopelessly tries to explain the crucial part of how electrons join the picture in a similar manner to how photons do.He does make the link to light, saying that there is a function which gives the amplitude for a photon going from A to B, where A and B are spacetime events.And then he mentions that there is a similar function for an electron to go from A to B, but says that that function is too complicated, and gives no intuition unlike the photon one.He does not mention it, but P and E are the so called propagators.This is likely the path integral formulation of QED.On Quantum Mechanical View of Reality by Richard Feynman (1983) he mentions that is a Bessel function, without giving further detail.And also mentions that:where
mis basically a scale factor.
such that both are very similar. And that something similar holds for many other particles.And then, when you draw a Feynman diagram, e.g. electron emits photon and both are detected at given positions, you sum over all the possibilities, each amplitude is given by:summed over all possible Spacetime points.This is basically well said at: youtu.be/rZvgGekvHes?t=3349 from Quantum Mechanical View of Reality by Richard Feynman (1983).TODO: how do electron velocities affect where they are likely to end up? suggests the probability only depends on the spacetime points.Also, this clarifies why computations in QED are so insane: you have to sum over every possible point in space!!! TODO but then how do we calculate anything at all in practice? - Part 4: known problems with QED and thoughts on QCD. Boring.
Richard Feynman Quantum Electrodynamics Lecture at University of Auckland (1979) uploaded by Trev M (2015)
Source. Single upload version. Let's use this one for the timestamps I guess.- youtu.be/Alj6q4Y0TNE?t=2217: photomultiplier tube
- youtu.be/Alj6q4Y0TNE?t=2410: local hidden-variable theory
- youtu.be/Alj6q4Y0TNE?t=6444: mirror experiment shown at en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_electrodynamics&oldid=991301352#Probability_amplitudes
- youtu.be/Alj6q4Y0TNE?t=7309: mirror experiment with a diffraction grating pattern painted black leads to reflection at a weird angle
- youtu.be/Alj6q4Y0TNE?t=7627: detector under water to explain refraction
- youtu.be/Alj6q4Y0TNE?t=8050: explains biconvex spherical lens in terms of minimal times
- youtu.be/Alj6q4Y0TNE?t=8402: mentions that for events in a series, you multiply the complex number of each step
- youtu.be/Alj6q4Y0TNE?t=9270: mentions that the up to this point, ignored:but it should not be too hard to add those
- amplitude shrinks down with distance
- photon polarization
- youtu.be/Alj6q4Y0TNE?t=11697: finally starts electron interaction. First point is to add time of event detection.
- youtu.be/Alj6q4Y0TNE?t=13704: electron between plates, and mentions the word action, without giving a clear enough idea of what it is unfortunately
- youtu.be/Alj6q4Y0TNE?t=14467: mentions positrons going back in time, but does not clarify it well enough
- youtu.be/Alj6q4Y0TNE?t=16614: on the fourth part, half is about frontiers in quantum electrodynamics, and half full blown theory of everything. The QED part goes into renormalization and the large number of parameters of the Standard Model
The particular case of the double-slit experiment will be discussed at: single particle double slit experiment.
Detectors are generally called photomultipliers:
Bibliography:
- iopscience.iop.org/book/978-0-7503-3063-3.pdf Quantum Mechanics in the Single Photon Laboratory by Waseem, Ilahi and Anwar (2020)
How to use an SiPM - Experiment Video by SensLTech (2018)
Source. Single-photon detectors - Krister Shalm by Institute for Quantum Computing (2013)
Source. You can then detect one of the photons, and when you do you know that the other one is there as well and ready to be used. two photon interference experiment comes to mind, which is the basis of photonic quantum computer, where you need two photons to be produced at the exact same time to produce quantum entanglement.
Features Alan Migdall of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Produced by the Joint Quantum Institute (JQI).
Mentions that this phenomena is useful to determine the efficiency of a single photon detector, as you have the second photon of the pair as a control.
Also briefly describes how the input energy and momentum must balance out the output energy and momentum of the two photons coming out (determined by the output frequency and angle).
Shows the crystal close up of the crystal branded "Cleveland Crystals Inc.". Mentions that only one in a billion photon gets scattered.
Also shows a photomultiplier tube.
Then shows their actual optical table setup, with two tunnels of adjustable angle to get photons with different properties.
Very short whiteboard video by Peter Mosley from the University of Bath, but it's worth it for newbs. Basically describes spontaneous parametric down-conversion.
One interesting thing he mentions is that you could get single photons by making your sunglasses thicker and thicker to reduce how many photons pass, but one big downside problem is that then you don't know when the photon is going to come through, that becomes essentially random, and then you can't use this technique if you need two photons at the same time, which is often the case, see also: two photon interference experiment.