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The Crooks fluctuation theorem is a fundamental result in statistical mechanics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics that relates the probability distributions of work done on a system during forward and reverse processes. It was formulated by physicist Gavin E. Crooks in the context of systems driven out of equilibrium.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1997. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)** - Once a major player in the computer industry known for its minicomputers and workstations, DEC was acquired by Compaq in 1998, leading to its dissolution as an independent company. 2. **Pointcast** - This company was known for its Internet news delivery service and was once considered a pioneer of push technology.

Meteorological phenomena refer to observable weather events and characteristics that result from atmospheric conditions. These phenomena include a wide range of occurrences that can be local, regional, or global in nature. Some common meteorological phenomena include: 1. **Rain**: Precipitation in the form of liquid droplets, which occurs when moisture in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the ground. 2. **Snow**: Precipitation in the form of ice crystals that occurs when temperatures are below freezing.

"Aurora" can refer to several different things depending on the context. Here are a few common meanings: 1. **Natural Phenomenon**: In the context of natural phenomena, an aurora refers to the auroras, specifically Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) and Aurora Australis (Southern Lights). These are natural light displays predominantly seen in high-latitude regions around the Arctic and Antarctic.

"Dusk" can refer to a few different things depending on the context: 1. **Time of Day**: Dusk is the period of time that occurs after sunset and before nightfall. It is characterized by diminishing sunlight and can be further divided into civil, nautical, and astronomical dusk, each defined by differing degrees of the sun's angle below the horizon.

A fog bow is a type of optical phenomenon that occurs in foggy conditions, similar to a rainbow but typically fainter and less colorful. It is created when light interacts with tiny water droplets suspended in the air. Unlike rainbows, which are formed by larger raindrops, fog bows form from much smaller droplets that scatter light in a way that creates a whitish or pale arc rather than the vibrant colors seen in rainbows.

Polar night refers to a phenomenon that occurs in polar regions, where the sun does not rise above the horizon for an extended period, typically occurring during the winter months. This period of complete darkness can last for several weeks to several months, depending on the latitude. In places located above the Arctic Circle (66.5° N latitude) in the Northern Hemisphere or below the Antarctic Circle (66.

The Raether limit is a concept in the field of high-energy particle physics and astrophysics, particularly in relation to the behavior of massive air showers generated by cosmic rays. It describes a threshold for the production of secondary particles when a high-energy primary particle, such as a cosmic ray proton, interacts with nuclei in the Earth's atmosphere.

Upper-atmospheric lightning refers to unusual electrical discharges occurring high in the Earth's atmosphere, typically above the conventional thunderstorm clouds. These phenomena include various types of high-altitude lightning, such as: 1. **Sprites**: These are large-scale electrical discharges that occur above thunderstorm clouds, typically at altitudes between 30 and 90 kilometers (18 to 56 miles).

Henry Thomas Herbert Piaggio is not a well-known figure in popular culture or historical texts, and it's possible that the name could refer to a specific individual who is not widely recognized.

Hans Joachim Specht is not widely recognized as a prominent figure in mainstream subjects, so information about him may not be readily available. If you are referring to a specific Hans Joachim Specht, additional context would be helpful to provide a more accurate response. Otherwise, it’s possible that he may be an individual in a niche field or context not widely documented.

Hans Wolter can refer to multiple entities, depending on the context. One notable figure is Hans Wolter, a German mathematician known for his work in various areas of mathematics, particularly in topology and functional analysis.

Extremal principles in non-equilibrium thermodynamics refer to certain fundamental postulates or criteria that dictate the behavior of physical systems away from equilibrium. These principles are extensions or analogs to more commonly known extremal principles in equilibrium thermodynamics, like the minimization of free energy. In non-equilibrium thermodynamics, the principles often relate to the maximization or minimization of certain quantities, such as entropy production, dissipation, or certain functionals related to thermodynamic potentials.

Greigite is a mineral with the chemical formula Fe3S4, which indicates that it is a type of iron sulfide. It is a rare mineral and is often associated with other iron sulfides such as pyrite (FeS2) and marcasite. Greigite has a distinctive black or dark gray color and typically occurs in sedimentary environments, often found in association with organic matter.

Ferroelectricity is a property of certain materials that exhibit a spontaneous electric polarization that can be reoriented by an external electric field. This means that, unlike ordinary dielectric materials that only polarize in response to an applied electric field, ferroelectric materials can maintain a permanent electric polarization even when the external field is removed.

Lightning activity levels are classifications or scales used to describe the frequency and intensity of lightning strikes in a particular area over a specific period. These activity levels can help meteorologists and researchers understand and predict thunderstorms and severe weather. Lightning activity levels can vary based on different factors, including: 1. **Frequency**: The number of lightning strikes within a given area over a defined time frame. 2. **Intensity**: The strength or energy of the lightning, which can affect the damage it may cause.

Mains hum, often referred to as "60 Hz hum" in the United States or "50 Hz hum" in many other countries, is an audible electrical noise that is typically associated with alternating current (AC) power supply systems. **Causes of Mains Hum:** 1. **Power Frequency:** The hum arises because of the frequency of the AC power supply. In the U.S.

The Istanbul Center for Mathematical Sciences (ICMS) is a research institution located in Istanbul, Turkey, focusing on various areas of mathematics and its applications. It aims to promote mathematical research and education, facilitating collaboration among mathematicians both locally and internationally. The center often hosts seminars, workshops, and conferences, providing a platform for researchers to share their work and ideas.