The Coxeter–James Prize is an award presented by the Canadian Mathematical Society (CMS) to recognize outstanding contributions in the field of geometry. It is named after two prominent mathematicians, H. S. M. Coxeter and E. L. James, who made significant contributions to geometry and related areas. The prize is typically awarded to individuals who have made notable achievements in the mathematical community, particularly in geometry, and is aimed at promoting research and scholarship in this field.
Large Low-Shear-Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs) are large, geophysical features found in the Earth's lower mantle. These regions are characterized by significantly lower seismic shear wave velocities compared to surrounding mantle material. They are located primarily beneath the Pacific Ocean and Africa and are thought to extend over thousands of kilometers in area and up to several hundred kilometers in height.
Kaissa is a chess variant that was created in the Soviet Union in the 1970s. It is played on a 9x9 board and features some unique rules and pieces compared to traditional chess. The game introduces new strategic elements and is designed to provide a different experience while still retaining the core concepts of chess.
A meteorite is a solid fragment of a meteoroid that survives its passage through the Earth's atmosphere and lands on the Earth's surface. Meteoroids are small rocky or metallic bodies in outer space, and when they enter the atmosphere, they heat up due to friction, creating a visible streak of light called a meteoroid or shooting star. If a meteoroid is large enough to withstand this intense heat and reach the ground, it is classified as a meteorite.
Quadrupole splitting refers to the interaction of electric quadrupole moments in nuclei or atoms in the presence of an electric field gradient. It is an important concept in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Mössbauer spectroscopy, among other spectroscopy techniques. In essence, when a nucleus with a non-spherical charge distribution (i.e., a quadrupole moment) is placed in an electric field gradient, it experiences an energy shift depending on the orientation of the nucleus relative to the electric field.
The Rabi cycle describes the oscillatory behavior of a quantum two-level system (commonly represented by a two-state quantum system) subjected to an external oscillating electromagnetic field. This concept is fundamental in quantum mechanics, particularly in quantum optics and atomic physics.
Raman cooling is a technique used in atomic and molecular physics to cool particles, such as atoms or molecules, to very low temperatures. It involves the use of laser light to manipulate the energy states of these particles, effectively reducing their thermal motion. The process typically employs two laser beams that are detuned from an atomic transition.
Resolved sideband cooling is a technique used primarily in the context of quantum physics and atom optics to cool an oscillator, such as a trapped ion or an atom in an optical lattice, down to its quantum ground state. This method exploits the interaction between the oscillatory motion of the particle and a laser field to reduce the energy of the particle's motion. The concept arises from the observation that an oscillator can absorb or emit energy in discrete packets (quanta) when interacting with light.
Seismic stratigraphy is a branch of geology that analyzes subsurface sedimentary layers and their geometries through the use of seismic data. This technique primarily involves the interpretation of seismic reflection data to understand the lithology, depositional environments, and history of sedimentary basins. Key components of seismic stratigraphy include: 1. **Reflection Patterns**: Seismic waves reflect off different geological layers, and by analyzing these reflections, geologists can infer the structure and composition of subsurface sediments.
Slater's rules are a set of guidelines used in quantum chemistry and atomic physics to approximate the effective nuclear charge (\(Z_{\text{eff}}\)) experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom. Developed by John C. Slater, these rules provide a way to account for the shielding effect that occurs due to the presence of other electrons in the atom.
The spin quantum number is a fundamental quantum number that describes the intrinsic angular momentum (or "spin") of a particle, particularly in the context of quantum mechanics and atomic physics. It is denoted by the letter \( s \) or sometimes by \( m_s \) when referring to its projection along a specific axis (usually the z-axis). Key characteristics of the spin quantum number include: 1. **Values**: The spin quantum number can take on half-integer or integer values.
Thomas precession is a relativistic effect that describes the precession of the spin of a particle, such as an electron, due to its motion in a gravitational or electromagnetic field. It arises in the context of relativistic quantum mechanics and is named after the physicist Llewellyn Thomas who first described it in 1927.
The Thomas-Fermi model is a statistical approach used to describe the distribution of electrons in an atom or a solid. It provides a simplified way of calculating the electron density in a system, particularly in the context of many-electron atoms or in systems where the potential due to the electrons themselves is significant.
The transition dipole moment is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics and spectroscopy, particularly in understanding the interaction of light with matter. It describes the probability of a transition between two quantum states of a system (such as an atom or a molecule) when it is subjected to an external electromagnetic field, such as light.
"Uncleftish Beholding" is a creative poem written by J.R.R. Tolkien, which is notable for its use of Old English and its imaginative vocabulary. The poem describes the act of seeing or perceiving things in a manner that transcends the limitations of language and conventional understanding. In it, Tolkien crafted a unique vocabulary to convey themes of creation, vision, and the act of beholding, drawing on the linguistic structures of Anglo-Saxon poetry.
Thermophysics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of heat and temperature and their relationship with matter. It focuses on the principles and laws that govern thermal energy transfer, including conduction, convection, and radiation. Thermophysics explores how heat affects the physical properties of substances, such as phase changes, thermal expansion, and the behavior of materials at different temperatures.
Competitive equilibrium refers to a state in an economic market where supply equals demand, and no individual buyer or seller can influence the market price. In this scenario, the prices of goods and services are determined by the interplay of supply and demand, and every participant (consumers, firms, etc.) in the market makes choices that maximize their utility (consumers) or profits (producers) given the existing market prices.