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Biobanks are repositories that store biological samples, such as blood, urine, DNA, and tissue, along with associated health and demographic information from donors. These collections are used for research purposes, primarily in the fields of genetics, medicine, and public health. The aim of biobanks is to facilitate studies that can lead to advancements in understanding diseases, developing new treatments, and improving overall healthcare.

Bioinformaticians are professionals who apply computational techniques and tools to analyze and interpret biological data. Their work often involves the integration of biology, computer science, mathematics, and statistics to solve complex problems related to biological systems and processes. Key responsibilities of bioinformaticians typically include: 1. **Data Analysis**: Processing and analyzing large sets of biological data, such as genomic sequences, protein structures, and metabolic pathways.

Bioinformatics and computational biology are interdisciplinary fields that combine biology, computer science, and mathematics to analyze and interpret biological data. Journals in this area publish research articles, reviews, and methodologies that advance our understanding and application of these fields. ### Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics primarily focuses on the development and application of computational tools and techniques for managing and analyzing biological data. This often involves sequence analysis, genomics, proteomics, systems biology, and data mining in biological research.

Bioinformatics organizations focus on the field of bioinformatics, which combines biology, computer science, and information technology to analyze and interpret biological data. These organizations may be involved in various activities, including research, development of software and tools, data analysis, and promoting education and collaboration in the field of bioinformatics. Here are some key aspects and types of bioinformatics organizations: 1. **Professional Societies**: Organizations that support professionals in bioinformatics through networking, conferences, and publication opportunities.

Bioinformatics software refers to a range of computational tools and applications designed to analyze, interpret, and visualize biological data. It plays a crucial role in the field of bioinformatics, which integrates biology, computer science, and information technology to manage and analyze biological information, particularly in genomics, proteomics, and molecular biology.

Biological databases are organized collections of biological data that are stored and managed to facilitate their retrieval and analysis. They are crucial in the fields of bioinformatics, genomics, proteomics, and other areas of biological research, providing researchers with easy access to vast amounts of information. Key features of biological databases include: 1. **Data Types**: Biological databases may contain various types of data, such as DNA sequences, protein sequences, gene annotations, metabolic pathways, structural data, and experimental results.

Biological sequence format refers to the standardized ways of representing biological sequences, such as DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, in a textual format that can be easily read, shared, and analyzed by computational tools and biologists. Different formats serve various purposes and can include information about the sequence, annotations, and metadata. Some common biological sequence formats include: 1. **FASTA Format**: This is one of the most widely used formats for representing nucleotide or protein sequences.

Biomedical informatics journals are academic publications that focus on the application of informatics in the fields of biology, medicine, and healthcare. These journals cover a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: 1. **Health Information Systems**: Studies on electronic health records (EHRs), health information exchanges (HIEs), and other digital systems used in healthcare.

Biorepositories, also known as biobanks, are facilities or collections that store biological samples, such as human tissue, blood, DNA, and other bodily fluids, as well as associated data. These samples are collected and stored for future research purposes, particularly in the fields of medicine, genetics, and biotechnology. Key aspects of biorepositories include: 1. **Sample Collection and Storage**: Biorepositories collect samples from donors, which may include healthy individuals or patients with specific conditions.

Evolutionary computation is a subset of artificial intelligence and computational intelligence that involves algorithms inspired by the principles of natural evolution. These algorithms are used to solve optimization problems and to find solutions to complex tasks by mimicking processes observed in biological evolution, such as selection, mutation, crossover, and inheritance. Key concepts in evolutionary computation include: 1. **Population**: A collection of candidate solutions to the problem being addressed.

Microarrays, also known as DNA chips or biochips, are technology platforms used to analyze the expression of many genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome. They consist of a small solid surface, typically a glass or silicon chip, onto which thousands of microscopic spots containing specific DNA sequences (probes) are fixed in an orderly grid pattern.

"Omics" is a term that encompasses a variety of fields of study that involve analyzing biological molecules on a large scale. It is derived from the suffix "-ome," which denotes a comprehensive collection or system. The most common omics disciplines include: 1. **Genomics**: The study of the genome, which is the complete set of DNA within an organism, including its genes and non-coding sequences.

Phylogenetics is a field of biology that studies the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or entities based on their physical and genetic characteristics. This discipline primarily uses the concept of a phylogenetic tree, a diagram that represents the evolutionary pathways and relationships among different organisms, showing how they diverged from common ancestors over time.

Structural bioinformatics is a specialized branch of bioinformatics that focuses on the analysis and prediction of the three-dimensional structures of biological macromolecules, primarily proteins and nucleic acids (like DNA and RNA). It combines concepts from biology, chemistry, computer science, and information technology to understand the structure-function relationships of biological molecules.

The 100,000 Genomes Project was an initiative in the United Kingdom aimed at sequencing the genomes of 100,000 individuals, primarily focusing on patients with rare diseases and their families, as well as cancer patients. Launched in 2012 and coordinated by Genomics England, the project sought to harness the power of genomic data to improve the understanding of genetic conditions and drive advancements in personalized medicine.

The 1000 Genomes Project was an international research effort aimed at providing a comprehensive resource for understanding human genetic variation. Launched in 2008 and completed in 2015, the project aimed to sequence the genomes of at least 1,000 individuals from different populations around the world to catalog the genetic diversity present in human populations.

3D-Jury is a software application designed to facilitate the assessment and evaluation of projects in a three-dimensional space. It is often used in fields such as architecture, urban planning, and design to allow multiple stakeholders to review and provide feedback on 3D models or visualizations of projects. The platform enables users to interact with and manipulate 3D representations of projects collaboratively, which can enhance communication and decision-making during the project development process.

The ABCD Schema is a framework often used in the field of education and instructional design to create clear and measurable learning objectives. It stands for: 1. **A - Audience**: Identifies who the learners or participants will be. For example, "students," "employees," or "participants in a workshop." 2. **B - Behavior**: Specifies what the learner will be able to do after the instruction.

ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) is a statistical method that combines analysis of variance (ANOVA) with principal component analysis (PCA) for the analysis of high-dimensional data, particularly in the context of multivariate datasets. ### Key Features of ASCA: 1. **Purpose**: ASCA aims to identify and visualize the differences between groups while reducing the complexity of the data.

In bioinformatics, an accession number is a unique identifier assigned to a specific biological sequence or data entry in various databases, such as nucleotide and protein sequence databases. This identifier allows researchers to easily reference, retrieve, and share specific sequences or data associated with biological research. Accession numbers are commonly used in databases like: 1. **GenBank**: A nucleotide sequence database maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). 2. **EMBL**: The European Molecular Biology Laboratory database.