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The Kraków School of Mathematics and Astrology, often referred to simply as the Kraków School, was a prominent intellectual movement in the late 15th and early 16th centuries in Poland. It mainly revolved around the work of scholars associated with the University of Kraków, known for integrating mathematical and astrological studies into their academic pursuits. Key figures associated with this school included astronomers and mathematicians who sought to apply mathematical principles to the understanding of astronomy and astrology.

The Lebombo bone is an archaeological artifact that consists of a baboon fibula with 29 distinct notches. It was discovered in the Lebombo Mountains, which lie on the border between South Africa and Swaziland (now Eswatini). The bone is estimated to be around 35,000 to 65,000 years old and is thought to be one of the oldest known counting tools.

Lie theory is a branch of mathematics that studies Lie groups and Lie algebras, which are foundational structures in various areas of mathematics and theoretical physics. Named after the Norwegian mathematician Sophus Lie, the theory originated in the study of continuous symmetries and their applications to differential equations and geometry.

Here's a list of some notable mathematicians who were born in the 19th century: 1. **Carl Friedrich Gauss** (1777–1855) - Often referred to as the "Prince of Mathematicians," he made significant contributions to many fields, including number theory, statistics, and astronomy.

Here’s a list of topics related to the history of mathematics that covers various eras, cultures, and significant developments: 1. **Ancient Mathematics** - Babylonian Mathematics - Egyptian Mathematics - Greek Mathematics (e.g., Euclid, Pythagoras, Archimedes) - Indian Mathematics (e.g., Aryabhata, Brahmagupta) - Chinese Mathematics (e.g., Liu Hui, Zhusha) 2.

The Lwów School of Mathematics was a prominent mathematical community that flourished in the early 20th century in Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine). It emerged in the interwar period and was characterized by a collaborative and innovative spirit among several distinguished mathematicians.

The Mathematical Tables Project refers to a historical initiative primarily aimed at compiling, producing, and disseminating mathematical tables to aid in calculations and various scientific computations. One prominent example of such an effort is the "Mathematical Tables" created by mathematicians in the early to mid-20th century, often involving extensive collaborations and labor. These tables typically included values for functions such as logarithms, trigonometric functions, exponential functions, and other mathematical computations that were labor-intensive to calculate by hand.

A mathematical table is a structured arrangement of numbers, symbols, or values organized in rows and columns to display relationships, properties, or calculations between different mathematical entities. There are various types of mathematical tables, each serving different purposes: 1. **Multiplication Table**: Provides the products of pairs of numbers, typically from 1 to 12 (or higher). It helps in quickly calculating the result of multiplication without having to do the arithmetic manually.

The Mathematische Arbeitstagung, often abbreviated as MAT, is a mathematical conference that typically brings together mathematicians to discuss recent research, developments, and ideas in various fields of mathematics. The term is German for "Mathematical Working Conference." These gatherings provide a platform for sharing scientific findings, networking among researchers, and fostering collaboration in the mathematical community. Such events often feature presentations, discussions, and workshops focusing on both theoretical and applied mathematics.

The "Method of Fluxions" is a term that historically refers to a mathematical technique developed by Sir Isaac Newton in the late 17th century, which is essentially the precursor to modern calculus. In this method, Newton used the concept of "fluxions" to describe the rates of change of quantities, akin to what we now understand as derivatives.

The MiMa Mineralogy and Mathematics Museum, located in the town of Mechernich in Germany, is a unique museum that combines the fields of mineralogy and mathematics. It showcases a diverse collection of minerals and gemstones alongside exhibits that highlight the connections between these natural specimens and mathematical concepts. The museum features various displays, including mineral specimens from around the world, educational displays about the properties of minerals, and interactive exhibits that demonstrate mathematical principles.

"Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio" is a work authored by the Scottish mathematician John Napier, published in 1614. The title translates to "Description of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms." This seminal work introduced the concept of logarithms, a significant advancement in mathematics that simplifies complex calculations, particularly in multiplication and division. In this work, Napier presents the idea of logarithms, explaining how they relate to exponential functions.

The Polish School of Mathematics refers to a group of mathematicians and a specific mathematical movement that emerged in Poland in the early to mid-20th century, particularly after World War I and during the interwar period. This movement is characterized by its contributions to various branches of mathematics, including set theory, topology, functional analysis, and logic.

Pre-intuitionism is a philosophical concept primarily associated with mathematics and the foundations of mathematical logic. It is a viewpoint that emphasizes a certain type of epistemological foundation for mathematics, focused on the nature of mathematical truth and knowledge prior to the development of formal intuitionism as articulated by mathematicians like L.E.J. Brouwer. In general, intuitionism is a philosophy of mathematics that asserts that mathematical objects are constructed by the mind and that mathematical truths are not discovered but instead are created through mental processes.

The Principle of Permanence is a concept that can apply to various fields, including philosophy, science, and law, often referring to the idea that certain states or conditions are enduring and will remain until actively changed.

Quadrature of the parabola refers to the process of finding the area under a parabolic arc. This concept was historically significant in the development of calculus and the understanding of integration. The term "quadrature" is derived from the Latin word "quadratus," meaning "square," and it essentially means finding the area (or squared measure) of a figure. The classic example involves the specific parabola described by the equation \( y = x^2 \).

The Quaternion Society is an organization that is dedicated to the study and promotion of quaternions and related mathematical concepts. Quaternions are a number system that extends complex numbers and are used in various applications, particularly in computer graphics, robotics, physics, and engineering, for representing rotations in three-dimensional space. The society typically aims to foster collaboration among researchers, educators, and practitioners interested in the mathematical theory and applications of quaternions.

Ramanujan's "lost notebook" refers to a collection of highly significant and previously unpublished mathematical results that were discovered by mathematician George Andrews in the spring of 1976. The notebook is thought to contain a wealth of results regarding partition theory, mock theta functions, and q-series, among other topics. The contents of the lost notebook include formulas and identities that have profound implications in various areas of mathematics, including number theory and combinatorics.

Raymond Clare Archibald (1875–1955) was a prominent American mathematician known for his contributions to various fields in mathematics, particularly in analysis, number theory, and mathematical education. He was a professor at Harvard University and played a significant role in developing mathematics curricula and promoting mathematical research. Archibald is also well-known for his work on mathematical bibliographies and history, and he was involved in editorial tasks for several mathematical journals.

"Revolutions in Mathematics" can refer to various concepts or contexts depending on the focus. While there isn't a universally recognized book or concept with that exact title, it can generally relate to: 1. **Historical Developments**: The phrase might be used to describe significant shifts or breakthroughs in mathematics throughout history.