Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) is a molecular biology technique used to detect genetic variation among single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) fragments. The fundamental principle behind SSCP is that different sequences of DNA can adopt distinct three-dimensional conformations when they are in a single-stranded state. These conformational differences can be caused by variations such as point mutations, insertions, or deletions.
Single molecule fluorescent sequencing (SMFS) is a next-generation sequencing technology that allows for the direct observation and sequencing of individual DNA or RNA molecules using fluorescent labeling. This technique stands out from traditional sequencing methods, which typically involve amplifying DNA before sequencing, as it provides higher accuracy and the ability to analyze longer contiguous sequences.
Site-specific recombination is a process by which DNA strands are rearranged at particular sites within the genome, allowing for the integration, excision, or rearrangement of genetic material. This mechanism is characterized by the specific recognition of short DNA sequences by recombinase enzymes, which mediate the recombination events.
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as gel filtration chromatography, is a separation technique used in biochemistry and analytical chemistry to separate molecules based on their size and shape. In this method, a porous gel or resin is used as the stationary phase, allowing smaller molecules to diffuse into the pores while larger molecules are excluded from entering them. This difference allows for the separation of components in a mixture as they pass through the column.
Small RNA sequencing is a high-throughput sequencing technique used to analyze small RNA molecules within a biological sample. These small RNAs typically range from about 18 to 30 nucleotides in length and include various classes of RNA, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and other non-coding RNAs.
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a class of double-stranded RNA molecules, typically about 20 to 25 base pairs in length, that play a crucial role in the process of RNA interference (RNAi). siRNA is involved in the regulation of gene expression and the defense against viral infections and transposable elements in cells.
The Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB) is a professional organization dedicated to promoting and supporting the field of mathematical biology. It seeks to foster collaboration and communication among researchers who apply mathematical methods and modeling to understand biological systems. The society aims to facilitate the development and application of mathematical techniques to various biological problems, ranging from cellular and molecular biology to ecological and evolutionary dynamics.
Somatic fusion is a term that can refer to various concepts depending on the context in which it is used. Here are a few interpretations: 1. **Cell Biology**: In the context of cell biology, somatic fusion refers to the process by which two somatic (non-reproductive) cells merge to form a single cell with a shared cytoplasm and often combined genetic material.
Somatic recombination refers to the process by which immune system cells, particularly B cells and T cells, rearrange their DNA to generate a diverse repertoire of receptors. This is crucial for the adaptive immune response, allowing the immune system to recognize a vast array of antigens (foreign substances).
Sonoporation is a technique that utilizes ultrasound waves to enhance the permeability of cell membranes, allowing for the introduction of various substances into cells. This method is based on the mechanosensitive response of cell membranes to ultrasound vibrations, which can create transient pores in the cell membrane. When ultrasound energy is applied, it generates acoustic cavitation—small bubbles in the liquid that can rapidly expand and collapse.
Southwestern blotting is a molecular biology technique used to identify specific DNA-binding proteins within a complex mixture of proteins. The technique combines aspects of both Southern blotting (which is used for detecting specific DNA sequences) and Western blotting (which is used for detecting specific proteins). Here’s a brief overview of the steps involved in Southwestern blotting: 1. **Protein Extraction**: Proteins are extracted from cells or tissues, often using a buffer that preserves protein structure and functionality.
Spin column-based nucleic acid purification is a widely used laboratory technique for isolating DNA or RNA from various biological samples. This method utilizes a solid-phase extraction process, typically involving a silica-based membrane or resin housed within a centrifuge tube (the spin column). Here’s a general overview of how the process works: ### Components: 1. **Spin Column:** A plastic tube containing a silica membrane or other binding materials.
Spiroligomer is a type of synthetic oligomer that has been designed to mimic the structure and function of natural nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. These oligomers are characterized by their unique backbone structure, which allows them to form stable and specific interactions with complementary nucleic acid sequences. The primary applications of spiroligomers are in molecular biology and biotechnology.
SplitsTree is a software tool used for the analysis and visualization of phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary processes. It is particularly known for its ability to construct and analyze various types of phylogenetic networks, which can represent complex evolutionary scenarios, including horizontal gene transfer, hybridization, and other non-tree-like evolutionary events.
Stable Nucleic Acid Lipid Particles (SNALPs) are a type of nanocarrier designed for the delivery of nucleic acids, such as mRNA or siRNA (small interfering RNA), into cells. They represent an advanced formulation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that enhances the stability and efficacy of nucleic acid therapies.
In molecular biology, "sticky" and "blunt" ends refer to the types of ends produced when DNA is cut by restriction enzymes. Understanding these two types of ends is important for DNA cloning, manipulation, and genetic engineering. ### Sticky Ends: - **Definition**: Sticky ends, also known as cohesive ends, are created when a restriction enzyme cuts the DNA at specific sequences, resulting in overhanging single-stranded ends.
Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics that focuses on the study of the molecular structure of biological macromolecules, particularly proteins, nucleic acids (like DNA and RNA), and complex assemblies they form. This field aims to understand the relationship between the structure of these biomolecules and their function in biological processes.
Subcloning is a molecular biology technique that involves the transfer of a specific DNA fragment (such as a gene, promoter, or regulatory element) from one plasmid or vector to another. This process is used to create a new DNA construct with desired features, often for research, genetic engineering, or therapeutic applications. Key steps in subcloning typically include: 1. **Restriction Digestion**: The original DNA fragment and the new vector are cut with specific restriction enzymes to create compatible ends.