History of computer companies

The history of computer companies is a fascinating journey through technological innovation, commercialization, and the evolution of the computer industry over decades. Below is a brief overview highlighting key milestones and notable companies: ### 1940s - 1950s: The Birth of Computing - **ENIAC (1945)**: Often considered the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, designed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.

Here are some notable computer companies listed by their year of disestablishment: ### 1970s - **Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)** - 1998 (founded in 1957, one of the earliest and most influential computer companies). ### 1980s - **Commodore International** - 1994 (known for the Commodore 64, a popular home computer in the 1980s).

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1952, primarily as the industry was still in its early stages and underwent significant changes. One notable example is the **UNIVAC Division of Sperry Rand**. While UNIVAC itself did not completely shut down, the division underwent changes that eventually led to its integration into other companies or its transformation as technologies advanced.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1953, especially during the early years of the computer revolution when the industry was still evolving.

In 1955, several computer-related companies were disestablished, including: 1. **The UNIVAC Division of Remington Rand** - While Remington Rand itself continued as a company, the UNIVAC Division was significant in the early history of computing. The disestablishment often refers to the transition of the division to a different structure or ownership.

In 1956, several computer companies were disestablished as the industry was undergoing significant changes. One notable company that is often mentioned is **International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) - National Cash Register Division**, which faced a major restructuring during this period. Additionally, smaller companies that were part of the early computer industry and did not survive the rapid advancements and competition might also have been disestablished during this time.

In 1958, several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations due to various reasons, including mergers, acquisitions, or market changes. One notable example is **General Motors Research Laboratories' computer division**, which was integrated into other parts of the company or moved away from computer production. The landscape of the computer industry was rapidly evolving during this period, and many companies that could not keep pace with advancements or competition were forced to close.

In 1966, several computer companies were disestablished, primarily due to the rapidly changing tech landscape, market dynamics, and mergers. One notable example is **Computer Automation, Inc. (CAI)**, which was involved in the development of early computing systems but ultimately ceased operations in that year. Additionally, some companies were absorbed or went out of business due to the competitive pressures of the emerging computer industry. However, detailed documentation on all disestablished companies can sometimes be sparse.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1968. One notable example is **Tandem Computers**, which was known for its fault-tolerant computer systems.

In 1970, several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business as the technology landscape rapidly evolved. Some notable examples include: 1. **Data General Corporation** - Founded in 1968, Data General was known for its early minicomputers. While it was not completely disestablished until later, it faced significant challenges and declined in the early 1970s due to competition from larger companies like IBM.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1971, although detailed records may be less comprehensive than for larger, more well-known companies. One of the more notable disestablishments in that year was **Bendix Corporation's computer division**, which was integrated into Allied Signal after a series of mergers and acquisitions.

In 1972, several computer companies were either disestablished or significantly changed due to mergers, acquisitions, or other factors. One notable example is **National Semiconductor**, which was originally a manufacturer of analog devices and digital logic circuits before transitioning into the realm of computing. While it wasn't completely disestablished in 1972, it underwent significant changes during that period.

In 1973, a number of computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations, though the specifics can vary based on the context and the regions involved. One notable example is: 1. **General Motors Research Laboratories (GM Research)**: While primarily an automotive company, GM was heavily involved in computing and technology development during the late 1960s and early 1970s.

In 1975, several computer companies were either disestablished or ceased operations. One notable example is **Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)**, which, while not fully disestablished until later, began a decline in 1975 following the introduction of personal computers that shifted the industry landscape. Another example includes **Computer Applications Corporation**, which was involved in creating various computing and software solutions.

In 1976, several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business, although the specific information can be somewhat limited. One notable company that was disbanded that year is **Kenbak Corporation**, which is often credited with creating one of the first personal computers. The company struggled to compete in the emerging computer market and ceased operations in 1976.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1977, primarily due to the rapidly changing landscape of the technology industry during that era. Some notable companies that were disestablished or became defunct around that time include: 1. **Computer Technologies Inc. (CTI)** - Known for developing and marketing computer hardware and software, it struggled to compete and eventually ceased operations.

In 1978, several computer companies were disestablished due to various reasons such as mergers, acquisitions, or financial difficulties. One notable example is: - **Computer Automation, Inc.** was a company that specialized in computer automation and industrial computing but was ultimately disbanded or restructured around this time. Keep in mind that details might vary, and the landscape of the computer industry was rapidly changing during that period, leading to the rise and fall of various companies.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1979. One notable example is **Data General Corporation**, which faced significant challenges and competition during this period. Another example is **Computer Automation**, which was known for its business computers but ultimately went out of business.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1980, often due to the rapidly changing technology landscape and market conditions at the time. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Data General Corporation** - While Data General was a significant player in the minicomputer market during the 1970s, it faced increasing competition and financial difficulties, leading to changes in its operations around that time.

In 1981, several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations. One notable example is **The Computer Land Corporation**, a retail chain that focused on selling computers and related products. While there may not be many prominent or widely recognized computer companies that disbanded specifically in that year, the early 1980s was a significant time in the computing industry, marked by rapid change, the rise of personal computers, and the subsequent consolidation of many companies.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1982. One notable example is **Data General**, a major player in the minicomputer market during the 1970s. Although it continued to exist in some capacity beyond 1982, its decline began in earnest after this time, and it struggled to maintain competitiveness against emerging microcomputer technologies. Another example is **Symmetric Computer Systems**, which also faced challenges during this period.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1983. One of the notable companies is **Data General Corporation**, which was known for its mini-computers. Although it continued to exist after 1983, it faced significant decline in the early 1980s due to competition and eventually merged with other companies. Another company is **Vector Graphics, Inc.**, which produced personal computers and peripherals. It struggled in the highly competitive market and ceased operations around this time.

In 1984, several computer companies were disestablished, either through bankruptcy, mergers, or being absorbed by larger corporations. Notable examples include: 1. **Apple Computer's Lisa Division** - While not a disestablishment of the entire company, Apple effectively discontinued the Lisa line which was intended as a high-end system. The division that created the Lisa was disbanded.

In 1985, several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business, often due to the rapidly changing technology landscape and market shifts. A notable example is **Data General**, which was a significant player in the minicomputer market. Data General struggled to compete with rising technologies and eventually faced financial difficulties that led to its acquisition by EMC Corporation in 1999, but it was significantly diminished in the years leading up to that.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1986, often due to mergers, acquisitions, or market changes. One notable example is **Data General Corporation**, which was a significant player in the minicomputer market before being acquired by EMC Corporation in 1999. Another example includes **Cromemco**, which focused on microcomputer hardware and software in the 1970s and early 1980s but faced challenges as the market shifted.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1987. Notable examples include: 1. **Data General** - Once a significant player in the minicomputer market, Data General faced stiff competition and financial difficulties, leading to its decline during the mid-1980s.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1988, reflecting the rapidly changing landscape of the technology industry during that period. Notable examples include: 1. **Data General Corporation** - A significant player in the minicomputer market, Data General faced increased competition and ultimately struggled to maintain its market position, leading to its acquisition by EMC Corporation in 1999.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1989. Some notable examples include: 1. **Data General Corporation** - Once a significant player in the mid-range computer market, Data General encountered increasing competition and financial difficulties, ultimately leading to its acquisition by EMC Corporation in 1999, but by the end of the 1980s, it was in decline.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1990. Some noteworthy examples include: 1. **Atari Corporation** - Once a major player in the video game and computer industry, Atari Corporation faced significant challenges and eventually ceased operations in 1990, although the brand has been revived in various forms in subsequent years.

In 1991, several computer companies were disestablished, either through mergers, acquisitions, or going out of business. Some notable examples include: 1. **1st Byte** - A company known for its computer systems and products. 2. **ComputerVision** - A company that specialized in 3D graphics software and hardware. 3. **Apex Software** - Known for software development; it ceased operations in the early 90s.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1992, often as a result of mergers, acquisitions, or market changes. Some notable examples include: 1. **Apollo Computer** - Known for its workstations and software, Apollo was acquired by Hewlett-Packard (HP) in 1989 and was effectively disestablished by 1992 as its products were integrated into HP's offerings.

In 1993, several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business. One notable example is **NeXT**, which was co-founded by Steve Jobs. Although NeXT was officially dissolved in 1997 after being acquired by Apple, it ceased operations in 1993 when it shifted focus from hardware to software development, mainly for the purpose of developing the NeXTSTEP operating system.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1994. Some notable examples include: 1. **Commodore International** - Once one of the major players in the home computer market, Commodore filed for bankruptcy and ceased operations in 1994. The company is well-known for its Commodore 64 and Amiga computers.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1995. Some notable ones include: 1. **Apollo Computer** - A company known for its workstations and networking products, which was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 1989 but continued some operations until officially being absorbed around 1995. 2. **DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation)** - Although DEC was acquired by Compaq in 1998, certain parts of DEC's operations and branding were phased out around 1995.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1996. Some notable examples include: 1. **NetFrame Systems** - A company known for its network computing and server products, which faced financial difficulties and eventually filed for bankruptcy. 2. **Adept Technology** - Known for its robotics and automation products, the company went through significant changes and ultimately did not survive as an independent entity.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1997. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)** - Once a major player in the computer industry known for its minicomputers and workstations, DEC was acquired by Compaq in 1998, leading to its dissolution as an independent company. 2. **Pointcast** - This company was known for its Internet news delivery service and was once considered a pioneer of push technology.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1998 due to various reasons, such as mergers, acquisitions, or business failures. Some notable companies that ceased operations or were significantly impacted in that year include: 1. **Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)** - While DEC was officially acquired by Compaq in 1998, this marked the end of its existence as an independent entity. DEC was once a leading manufacturer of computer systems and was known for its PDP and Alpha series.

In 1999, several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations. While specific details about every company may vary, here are some notable examples of computer-related companies that were disbanded or went out of business in that year: 1. **Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)** - Originally a major player in the computer industry, DEC was acquired by Compaq in 1998, and by 1999, its brand and it's separate company identity were largely phased out.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 2000, often due to the dot-com bubble burst, economic challenges, or mergers and acquisitions. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Rover Technologies** - An early player in the mobile computing market, Rover faced difficulties and ultimately disbanded around this time.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 2001 due to various reasons such as mergers, acquisitions, or bankruptcy. Some notable examples include: 1. **Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)** - Once a major player in the field of computers and networking, DEC was acquired by Compaq in 1998 and subsequently disbanded.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 2002. Notable examples include: 1. **Sirius Computer Solutions** - Once focused on providing computing solutions, the company underwent significant changes and was eventually disbanded. 2. **3Com** - Though not completely disbanded, this networking hardware company significantly downsized and underwent multiple restructuring processes in the early 2000s, which affected its operations profoundly around 2002.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 2003. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Kozmo.com** - While primarily known as a delivery service, Kozmo also operated in the tech space, leveraging software and logistics technology. The company ceased operations in early 2003 due to financial struggles.

Several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business in 2004. Some notable examples include: 1. **Altavista** - Once a leading search engine, Altavista was ultimately absorbed by Yahoo! after its decline in market relevance. 2. **Flic** - Known for its personal digital assistants, Flic ceased operations around this time. 3. **MIPS Computer Systems** - While the MIPS architecture continues to be used, the original MIPS Computer Systems, Inc.

In 2005, several computer companies and technology firms were disestablished or ceased operations. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Apple's PowerComputing** - While the company was established in the 1990s, it became defunct in 2005. Power Computing was known for making Macintosh clones but struggled to compete after Apple moved to a more closed ecosystem.

In 2006, several notable computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations. One prominent example is: 1. **SGI (Silicon Graphics, Inc.)** - While SGI was founded in 1981, it faced significant financial difficulties in the early 2000s and eventually filed for bankruptcy in 2006. The company was known for its high-performance computing systems and graphics workstations, particularly in the fields of computer graphics and visualization.

In 2007, several computer companies and technology-related businesses were disestablished or experienced significant changes such as mergers, acquisitions, or closures. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Oracle Corporation's acquisition of Siebel Systems** - While Siebel was a software company, it was a significant player in the CRM space, and its full integration and branding as part of Oracle began to take shape around this time.

In 2008, several notable computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations. Some highlights include: 1. **Fujitsu Siemens Computers** - This was a joint venture between Fujitsu and Siemens that began in 1999. It was dissolved in 2009, but the impacts of its dissolution were felt in 2008 as Fujitsu began to take over the business.

In 2009, several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business. Some of the notable ones include: 1. **Sun Microsystems** - Acquired by Oracle Corporation in January 2010, Sun Microsystems was a significant player in the computer hardware and software industry, particularly known for its workstations, servers, and the Solaris operating system.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 2010. Some notable examples include: 1. **Sun Microsystems** - While it was officially acquired by Oracle Corporation in early 2010, Sun as an independent entity was effectively disestablished during this transition. 2. **Palm, Inc.** - After being acquired by Hewlett-Packard in April 2010, Palm ceased to operate as an independent brand, marking its disestablishment.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 2011, either due to mergers, acquisitions, or closure. Some notable examples include: 1. **Palm, Inc.** - Known for its handheld devices and smartphones, Palm was acquired by HP in 2010, but it officially ceased to exist as a standalone entity in 2011 when HP decided to discontinue the Palm brand and WebOS.

In 2012, several computer companies were disestablished, either through bankruptcy, acquisition, or cessation of operations. Some notable companies that fit this description include: 1. **Neverware** - A company known for its CloudReady operating system designed to convert older PCs into Chromebooks, it ceased operating as an independent entity after a series of changes in 2012.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 2013. Notable examples include: 1. **Kodak (Kodak Imaging Network)** - Although Kodak as a company still exists, its imaging division faced significant downsizing and restructuring in 2012 and 2013, ultimately discontinuing certain products and services.

In 2014, several computer-related companies were disestablished or ceased operations. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Nokia's Devices and Services Division**: While Nokia as a company still exists, it sold its Devices and Services Division to Microsoft in 2014, which effectively meant the end of Nokia as a significant player in the mobile phone market.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 2015. Here are a few notable ones: 1. **BlackBerry Limited (formerly Research In Motion)** - While BlackBerry remains operational, it significantly pivoted away from its traditional hardware business in 2015, focusing more on software and services. 2. **ZTE's mobile unit in the U.S.** - ZTE faced significant challenges and began winding down operations within the U.S.

In 2016, a number of computer and technology companies were disestablished or went through significant changes, including mergers or acquisitions that effectively led to their dissolution. Some of these include: 1. **Micron Technology's Elpida Memory** - Micron acquired Elpida Memory in 2013, but the brand itself ran operations until it was fully integrated and ceased to exist as a standalone company.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 2017. While I may not have a comprehensive list, here are a few notable examples: 1. **Nokia's Alcatel-Lucent** - Although Nokia acquired Alcatel-Lucent in 2016, the Alcatel-Lucent brand was phased out in 2017 as part of the integration process.

In 2018, several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations. Some notable examples include: 1. **Toshiba's PC Business**: Toshiba Corporation sold off its PC business, leading to the discontinuation of its Dynabook brand in the consumer laptop market. This marked a significant shift in the company's focus from personal computers to more profitable areas.

Here are some computer companies that were disestablished or ceased operations in 2019: 1. **Steinberg Media Technologies** - Known for its music production software, Steinberg was sold and restructured, leading to the discontinuation of some of its operations. 2. **Woot** - Originally known for its deals on computer hardware and gadgets, Woot was absorbed into Amazon, leading to a shift in its original operational model.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 2020. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **ZTE Corporation** – While ZTE did not fully disestablish in 2020, it faced significant challenges due to U.S. government sanctions and underwent restructuring amid financial difficulties. 2. **McAfee (the consumer division)** – McAfee's consumer division was sold to an investment firm, which essentially changed its structural identity, although not a complete disestablishment.

In 2021, several notable computer and technology companies were disestablished or ceased operations. Some of these include: 1. **Neoware**: Known for thin client computing, Neoware was acquired by HP in 2007 and among smaller tech firms, its brand was ultimately phased out. 2. **Avaya (certain divisions)**: While Avaya as a parent company continued to exist, certain divisions streamlined operations, leading to the discontinuation of specific computer and networking services.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 2022 due to various reasons, such as mergers, acquisitions, or business failures. Here are a few examples: 1. **Intel's NUC Group** - Intel announced it would discontinue its NUC (next unit of computing) business, which focused on compact PCs. 2. **Mellanox Technologies** - Although acquired earlier, the Mellanox brand was officially retired and absorbed into NVIDIA after its acquisition in 2020.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, there were no widely reported computer companies that were disestablished in that year. However, it's important to note that information might change over time, and there could be smaller or less publicized companies that ceased operations.

"Internet properties by year of disestablishment" refers to a classification of websites, platforms, or online services that were operational during a certain period and eventually ceased to exist. This can include social media platforms, content-sharing sites, forums, and other internet-based offerings that have been discontinued or shut down.

The term "service companies by year of disestablishment" generally refers to various service-oriented businesses that have ceased operations in specific years. This could encompass a wide range of industries such as hospitality, retail, banking, and technology. Unfortunately, there isn't a comprehensive list publicly available that categorizes service companies by their year of disestablishment, as it can vary greatly by region and sector.

The disestablishment of software companies occurs for various reasons, such as mergers, acquisitions, or bankruptcy. However, as an AI language model, I don't have access to real-time databases to provide a comprehensive list of software companies disestablished by year.

Defunct computer companies are businesses that were once involved in the development, manufacturing, or sale of computer hardware, software, or services but have ceased operations or been dissolved. These companies may have closed due to various reasons, including financial difficulties, mergers and acquisitions, lack of innovation, or changes in market demand.

Australia has seen several computer companies rise and fall over the years, reflecting the broader trends in the tech industry. Here are some notable defunct computer companies from Australia: 1. **Data 3** - Originally known for hardware and software solutions, the company shifted focus over the years but has seen slow decline in its operations.

Brazil has a rich history of computing and technology, with several companies that have since become defunct. Some notable examples include: 1. **Gradiente**: Founded in 1964, Gradiente was known for manufacturing a range of electronic products, including computers. It was significant in the Brazilian tech landscape but faced financial difficulties and eventually became defunct. 2. **Tropcom**: This company was known for producing computers and electronics in Brazil during the late 20th century.

Canada has a history of several computer companies that were once notable but have since become defunct. Here are a few examples of such companies: 1. **Corel Corporation** - Founded in 1985, Corel was best known for its graphics software, including CorelDRAW. While the company still exists, it has drastically changed over the years and its original product lines have diminished.

Several computer companies in China have become defunct over the years, often due to market competition, strategic missteps, or the fast-paced nature of the technology industry. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Legend Group (Lenovo's predecessor)** - While Lenovo as a brand still exists, the original Legend Group that was founded in 1984 diversified away from personal computers and shifted focus, leading to its transformation rather than outright defunct status.

Germany has had a number of notable computer companies that have since become defunct or ceased operations in some form. Some of these companies made significant contributions to the tech industry during their time. Here's a list of a few defunct German computer companies: 1. **Atari RG**: Originally part of the Atari brand, this division was based in Germany and was active in the 1980s and 90s. While Atari itself still exists, this particular division does not.

Israel has been home to numerous computer and technology companies, some of which have ceased operations or been defunct over the years. Here are a few notable defunct computer companies from Israel: 1. **Tadiran Communications** - Once a major player in telecommunications and computer systems, Tadiran faced various challenges and eventually split into different divisions or was sold off.

Italy has had a vibrant technology and computing sector, and while several companies have succeeded, many have also become defunct over the years. Some notable defunct computer companies from Italy include: 1. **Olivetti**: Founded in 1908, Olivetti was known for its typewriters and later became a significant player in the computing industry with products like computers and software.

Japan has a rich history of technology and innovation, which includes several computer companies that have become defunct over the years. Some notable defunct Japanese computer companies include: 1. **NEC Corporation** - While still operational, certain divisions that produced specific computers and products have been phased out or sold. NEC was a major player in the personal computer market in the 1980s and 1990s.

Sweden has a rich history in technology and computer manufacturing, hosting several companies that have since become defunct. Here are a few notable defunct computer companies from Sweden: 1. **DataGeneral Sweden**: Originally a subsidiary of the American company Data General Corporation, it was involved in creating minicomputers and later workstations before eventually closing its operations.

The United Kingdom has had a number of notable computer companies that are now defunct. Here are some examples: 1. **Acorn Computers**: Founded in 1978 and well-known for developing the BBC Micro, Acorn played a significant role in the home computer revolution in the 1980s. The company eventually shifted its focus to ARM technology, which it still licenses today, but it ceased trading as a computer manufacturer in the early 1990s.

Defunct computer companies of the United States refer to businesses that were once involved in the development, manufacturing, or selling of computer hardware, software, or services but have since ceased operations. The reasons for their closure can vary, including financial difficulties, mergers and acquisitions, changes in technology, or shifts in market demand. Here are some notable defunct computer companies in the U.S.

Defunct computer hardware companies are organizations that were once active in the design, manufacturing, or sale of computer hardware but have ceased operations. These companies may have gone out of business due to various factors, such as financial difficulties, market competition, technological changes, or mergers and acquisitions.

Defunct networking companies are organizations that were once active in providing networking products, services, or technologies but have ceased operations. This could be due to a variety of reasons, including bankruptcy, poor management, market changes, competitive pressures, or technological obsolescence.

Defunct software companies are organizations that were once active in the development, distribution, or sale of software products but have ceased operations. This can occur for various reasons, such as bankruptcy, acquisition, diminishing market relevance, or various other business challenges. When a software company becomes defunct, it typically means that: 1. **No New Products**: The company has stopped creating or releasing new software products or updates for existing ones.

Société d'électronique et d'automatisme typically refers to a company or organization involved in electronics and automation. While there may not be a single entity universally recognized by that name, many companies operating in fields such as industrial automation, robotics, control systems, and electronic systems could fall under this description. These types of organizations often focus on designing and manufacturing electronic components, systems for controlling machinery, and solutions for automating processes in various sectors, including manufacturing, transportation, and telecommunications.

Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia that allows users to edit and contribute content. Its history can be traced back to a few key milestones: 1. **Founding**: Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001, by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger as a part of the non-profit organization Wikimedia Foundation. Wikipedia was initially conceived as a complementary project to Nupedia, a free encyclopedia that had a formal editorial process and was largely written by experts.

Conflict-of-interest (COI) editing on Wikipedia refers to the situation where individuals edit articles about themselves, their organizations, or topics in which they have a personal stake or significant interest. This is considered problematic because it can lead to biased or unethical edits that do not adhere to Wikipedia's principles of neutrality and verifiability. Wikipedia encourages editors to disclose their conflicts of interest, rather than editing from a biased perspective.

1Lib1Ref, short for "One Librarian, One Reference," is a global campaign aimed at improving the quality of content on Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects by encouraging librarians and library professionals to add at least one reliable reference to Wikipedia articles that lack proper citations. The initiative was launched to help address the issue of citation gaps in Wikipedia content and to engage librarians in enhancing the reliability and credibility of information available on the platform.

In 2021, the Wikimedia Foundation took several actions and made decisions related to the Chinese Wikipedia (zh.wikipedia.org) in response to ongoing challenges around censorship and access in China. Here are some key highlights: 1. **Censorship Issues**: The Chinese Wikipedia has faced significant censorship challenges in mainland China, including periodic blocks and restrictions. The Wikimedia Foundation has continued to support the ability of communities to operate independently and advocate for free knowledge.

In Russia, the term "block of Wikipedia" likely refers to the country's government actions to restrict access to Wikipedia and its content, particularly in response to specific entries that the authorities consider to be in violation of Russian laws or regulations. The Russian government has been known to impose restrictions on various online platforms, including Wikipedia, especially concerning topics related to politics, history, and certain sensitive subjects.

The "Block of Wikipedia in Turkey" refers to the government's decision to restrict access to the Turkish version of Wikipedia. This ban was imposed in April 2017, when the Turkish authorities blocked the site, claiming that it contained content that was deemed to support or promote terrorism and was offensive to Turkey. The ban sparked widespread criticism from free speech advocates, human rights organizations, and many Wikipedia contributors globally.

As of my last update in October 2023, the term "block of Wikipedia in Venezuela" likely refers to restricted access to Wikipedia and its various language versions in Venezuela. There have been instances where governments restrict internet access to limit the flow of information. In Venezuela, these restrictions have included blocking websites and censoring content that is critical of the government or that presents information contrary to official narratives.

Bomis was an internet company founded in 1996 by Jimbo Wales and Angela Beesley. It initially functioned as a web portal and search engine, but it is best known for being the founding organization behind Wikipedia. Bomis was also involved in the creation of other collaborative projects and contributed to the free content movement. The company's focus on open content and knowledge sharing laid the groundwork for the later success of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, Chicago Options Associates is a financial services firm that specializes in options trading and education. The company may offer various services, including trading strategies, market analysis, risk management, and educational resources for individuals interested in trading options. The firm is likely to be involved in helping traders understand the complexities of options markets, providing insights into market trends, and developing tailored trading strategies.

Citizendium is a free online encyclopedia that aims to improve upon the model of collaborative writing and editing established by Wikipedia. Founded in 2006 by Larry Sanger, a co-founder of Wikipedia, Citizendium differentiates itself by emphasizing the contribution of expert authors and requiring contributors to use their real names.

"Crnogorska Enciklopedija" is a comprehensive encyclopedia dedicated to Montenegro, its history, culture, geography, and notable figures. It serves as a vital resource for information on various aspects of Montenegrin life and may include entries on historical events, prominent individuals, cultural practices, and geographical features. This type of encyclopedia is typically used for educational purposes and research, providing readers with a succinct yet informative overview of the subject matter related to Montenegro.

DBpedia is a project aimed at extracting structured content from the information created in Wikipedia and making it available on the web in a machine-readable format. By converting Wikipedia's unstructured content into a structured format, DBpedia enables users to query the information using standard semantic web technologies, such as RDF (Resource Description Framework) and SPARQL (an RDF query language).

Deletion of articles on Wikipedia refers to the process by which entries (or articles) on the platform may be removed or deleted from the encyclopedia. This can happen for several reasons, including: 1. **Notability**: The subject of the article does not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines, which require that topics have received significant coverage from reliable, independent sources.

Deletionpedia is a website that serves as an archive for content that has been deleted from Wikipedia. The site was created to preserve information that has been removed from Wikipedia pages, often due to not meeting Wikipedia's inclusion criteria or policies, such as notability or verifiability. Users can browse and search for deleted content, including articles and edits that were considered non-compliant with Wikipedia's guidelines.

Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español is a free online encyclopedia that aims to provide a comprehensive resource of information in Spanish. It was founded in 2002 and is modeled after Wikipedia, but it is designed to be a culturally specific resource for Spanish-speaking users. The content is contributed and edited by volunteers, making it a collaborative platform similar to other wiki-based projects.

The Essjay controversy refers to a significant incident involving a prominent user on Wikipedia known as Essjay, whose real name is Ryan Jordan. Essjay gained recognition as an authoritative editor within the Wikipedia community, especially for his expertise in certain subjects such as theology and philosophy. The controversy began in early 2007 when it was revealed that Essjay had misrepresented himself as a tenured professor of theology.

The first edit on Wikipedia was made on January 15, 2001, by Jimmy Wales, one of the co-founders of Wikipedia. The initial version of the site was created as a free online encyclopedia, with the intention of providing a collaborative platform for volunteers to contribute knowledge. The first entry was for the term "UuU" (which refers to a hypothetical language), though it was edited quickly and the content has evolved significantly since then.

Gene Wiki is an initiative aimed at creating a comprehensive, collaborative resource for information about genes and their functions. It is part of a larger trend in scientific communication that leverages the principles of wikis to allow scientists, researchers, and the public to contribute to, edit, and improve the information available on genes. This platform collects data on gene sequences, functions, associated diseases, and interactions, often pulling from various databases and publications to provide a centralized reference.

George Mason University (GMU) is known for a few notable incidents that can be characterized as hoaxes or pranks throughout its history. Here are a couple of examples: 1. **The "The Clown University" Hoax (1970s)**: In the mid-1970s, a satirical prank emerged where a group of students claimed that George Mason University would start offering a degree in "Clown Studies.

The "Henryk Batuta" hoax refers to a fabricated story about a fictional Polish mountaineer who supposedly climbed all 14 of the world's 8,000-meter peaks without supplemental oxygen. This tale circulated in various contexts, often highlighting themes of adventure, endurance, and the human spirit. The whole story was a hoax, as no evidence supported the existence of Henryk Batuta or his purported achievements.