DOE-HDBK-1012/2-92,June1992. Heat Transfer moduleHT-02,printedpp30–39: counter-flow design, temperature profiles, energy balance and overall heat-transfer-rate relation. Used for an explicitly ideal equal-capacity-rate derivation, not a universal constant-temperature-difference claim.

Official Argonne-hosted software documentation. Opening paragraph: NekRS uses a filter to drain energy from the smallest resolved wavelengths. Subsequent paragraphs describe transformation between nodal and modal polynomial representations and filtering the modal coefficients. This is implementation-specific numerical dissipation, not the definition of every LES method.

By James W. Deardorff.

Journal of Fluid Mechanics 41(2), 453–480 (1970). Author name and affiliation on printed p. 453; abstract describes integrated primitive equations, plane Poiseuille flow, statistical averages and comparison with experiments. Primary paper scan hosted as university course material.

Agency educational derivation of mass flow: density times area times velocity; continuity relates stations. Used for the constant-density duct example; illustrative numerical values are original.

Center for Turbulence Research Annual Research Briefs2020,pp.3–5. Participant retrospective: 1990 collaboration, affiliations at that time, Germano identity, Piomelli implementation and incorrect initial-amplitude debugging, 1991 journal publication. Figure2 includes explicitly identified portraits; Cabot inset is from1994. No present-day citation counts adopted.

Monthly Weather Review 91(3),99–164. Abstract: atmospheric circulation experiment and strain-dependent lateral exchange. The full Joseph Smagorinsky name is also verified by his subsequent primary publication records.

Center for Turbulence Research, Proceedings of the Summer Program 1990, pp. 5–17. Introduction equations 1–2: Smagorinsky viscosity. Section 2 equations 3–7: filtering and subgrid stress. Section 2: dynamic two-filter formulation; introductory discussion of backscatter limitations.

English translation of the 1941 original, Proceedings of the Royal Society A 434 (1991), 15–17, DOI 10.1098/rspa.1991.0076. Pages 15–16: longitudinal velocity increments, second/third moments and viscous-to-inertial relation. Publication date of translation must not be mistaken for original discovery date.

Victor S. L'vov, Evgenii Podivilov, Anna Pomyalov, Itamar Procaccia and Damien Vandembroucq, Physical Review E 58 (1998), 1811–1822. Author preprint titled An Optimal Shell Model of Turbulence: arxiv.org/abs/chao-dyn/9803025 . Sections I–II, equations 1–5: logarithmic shells, nonlinear coupling and quadratic invariants.

Submitted2021, revised2022. Abstract: direct numerical simulations of Boussinesq equations, intermittent drafts, roughly10% of modeled volume contributing up to50% of dissipation.

Physical Review E74,026306 (2006); author manuscript submitted in2007. Abstract: shell cascade plus spatial redistribution model, tunable intermittency and numerical tests.

Sections Thrust Equation and Specific Impulse: momentum flux, nozzle pressure correction, equivalent exhaust velocity and standard-gravity convention. The displayed intermediate division has a typographical grouping error; use the preceding thrust equation and F = mass-flow times equivalent velocity.

NASA Facts: www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/ionpropfact_sheet_ps-01628.pdf

Two-page NASA Glenn factsheet, printed identifier PS–01628–1215. Page 1, ionization and grid acceleration; page 2, neutralizer, system components, ground tests, Deep Space 1 and Dawn. The thrust/power example is derived independently from momentum and energy balances.

Institution-issued educational protocol, Measuring the Speed of Sound Using Resonance: tuning fork, water column and repeated resonant lengths.

Woods Hole GFD report; author byline David Osmond. Sections1–2 and Figure1: unequal diffusion, long tank, equal-density end sources and central constant-head overflow; later profiles distinguish fingering and diffusive layers.

By C. B. Oland, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, prepared for the United States Department of Energy, dated 30 July 2004.

Official report: www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2014/05/f15/guide_chp_boiler.pdf

Locators: §3.1.1, printed p.33 onward, steam-turbine operation and backpressure/condensing layouts; §3.1.2.1, printed p.39, actual enthalpy drop divided by ideal isentropic enthalpy drop. Byline remains initials; no expanded identity guessed.

Facility Overview:132m evacuated drop and5.18s microgravity; primary facility apparatus and research uses.

Original title: The “Salt-Fountain” and Thermohaline Convection. Tellus 12(2), 172–175 (1960). doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v12i2.9378 . Primary scan: tellusjournal.org/articles/3452/files/6572a28649978.pdf . Publisher byline identifies Melvin E. Stern at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Cited passages: warm saline water above cool fresh water, unequal heat/salt diffusion and the salt-fountain mechanism.

Author lecture notes, University of Washington: oalib-acoustics.org/website_resources/xxeducation/ME525_2024/Lectures%2012-13-14.pdf

Lecture 13, printed pp. 6–8 (PDF pp. 15–17), distinguishes hydrodynamic and geometric near/far fields. Lecture 14, printed pp. 1–3 (PDF pp. 19–21), derives the Fraunhofer distance expansion and aperture Fourier transform, with quadratic phase error k L squared/(8 r). Lecture 14 retains a Winter 2022 heading; the compilation footer is 2024. Names and affiliation verified on the lecture title pages.

Author-hosted excerpt: grainflowresearch.mae.cornell.edu/impact/excerpts/impacts1.pdf

Physics of Fluids 6(3), 1108–1115. Verified byline: S. F. Foerster, M. Y. Louge, H. Chang and K. Allia. The excerpt's abstract describes free-fall release without initial spin and stroboscopic trajectory measurements; its Table 1 reports normal restitution and frictional and tangential restitution properties for glass and acetate spheres. The collision researcher H. Chang is kept distinct from the helium-correlation author of the same initials.