A DOM comment node stores comment character data in the Document Object Model. In HTML source, a normal comment can be written as <!-- note -->; parsing it produces a comment node rather than a DOM element or a DOM text node containing visible words.^[ref][ref]

For example, <p>A<!-- note -->B</p> gives the paragraph three child DOM nodes: a text node containing A, a comment node, and a text node containing B. Its childNodes.length is three, while its element-only children.length is zero. Its textContent is AB: the comment does not contribute to this descendant-text result.^[ref]

A traversal over every child can consequently encounter nodes absent from an element-only traversal. A DOM comment node can be inserted, moved or removed while editing the DOM tree, although it produces no ordinary displayed text. Removing the comment in this example leaves two adjacent text nodes; adjacency alone does not merge their object identities.

Comments are not a way to keep information secret from someone receiving a document: their data remains in the supplied source or document model. When generating comments, obey HTML's syntax rather than assuming arbitrary text can always be placed between the delimiters.

A DOM document fragment is a DOM node that can hold a sequence of other DOM nodes without being a document element. Inserting an ordinary fragment into another node inserts its children in order; it does not insert the fragment itself as a wrapper.^[ref]

For example, let const f = document.createDocumentFragment(); and append two newly created paragraph DOM elements to f. Each paragraph's parent is now f. If an empty section element s receives s.appendChild(f), the section has the two paragraphs as children and f.childNodes.length is zero. The paragraph objects have moved; neither a fragment wrapper nor two automatically cloned paragraphs appear.

This is useful when preparing a group of DOM nodes for insertion at one place. The group can include DOM text nodes as well as DOM elements. Appending more children to the emptied fragment prepares a new group without changing the nodes already transferred.

A DOM document fragment's grouping behavior is a structural guarantee. Whether constructing a particular page this way improves speed depends on the implementation and workload. Inspecting the resulting DOM tree directly checks the operation's structural effect.

Hyperinsulinism is excessive or inappropriately sustained insulin action or secretion for the metabolic context. In hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia, insulin secretion is insufficiently suppressed as blood glucose falls. Insulin promotes glucose utilization and storage while restraining endogenous glucose production, so the combination can lower the circulating glucose supply. ^[ref]

The activating glucokinase mutation provides a mechanistic example: changing the beta-cell glucose-sensing system shifts the conditions under which insulin is released. A measured insulin concentration must therefore be interpreted alongside the simultaneous glucose state. A concentration that is unremarkable after a meal can be inappropriate during hypoglycaemia; a single universal numerical cutoff does not describe the whole mechanism.

Official scipy.ndimage.label documentation: zero background, nonzero features, centrosymmetric neighborhood structure and default cross-shaped two-dimensional connectivity. The two-by-two diagonal example in the article is synthetic.

IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 28(2), 129–137 (1982). Original paper byline and scalar nearest-representative/conditional-mean optimality conditions. Primary scan: web.stanford.edu/class/ee398a/handouts/papers/Lloyd%20-%20Least%20Squares%20Q%20in%20PCM.pdf

By Elliot Anshelevich, Anirban Dasgupta, Éva Tardos, Tom Wexler.

Theory of Computing 4 (2008), 77–109; published 4 August 2008; DOI 10.4086/toc.2008.v004a004. Abstract: strategic connection game and approximate equilibria. Primary author biographies and identified portraits: toc.cs.uchicago.edu/articles/v004a004/about.html .

By Tim Roughgarden.

Author-hosted paper dated 14 July 2015. Abstract and Introduction: smoothness arguments extend inefficiency bounds to broader equilibria and no-regret learning outcomes. Preliminary STOC version appeared in 2009; do not confuse manuscript date and first conference appearance.

By Tim Roughgarden, Éva Tardos.

Original FOCS 2000 paper, primary byline. Introduction and routing model: nonatomic routing, total latency and inefficiency bounds. This conference version is distinct from the later journal version.

Verified locator: Project-maintained binary Golay entry, Description and perfect-code properties; ternary and extended parameters verified at errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/ternary_golay .

By Elliot Anshelevich, Anirban Dasgupta, Jon Kleinberg, Éva Tardos, Tom Wexler, Tim Roughgarden.

Author-hosted manuscript dated 17 June 2004. Introduction defines the cost ratio for the best Nash equilibrium and explains the stable-recommendation interpretation.

Verified locator: IIT Guwahati Theory of Computation course, Chomsky Hierarchy module 14 lecture 1: two simulation theorems. Search-indexed technical text; direct HTML uses image-rendered mathematics.

By Venkatesan Guruswami.

Verified locator: ICM 2010, section 1 and section 4.2: minimum distance, list output and Reed-Solomon interpolation.

By Terence Tao.

Verified locator: Preface, sections 1.3–1.5: linear patterns, finite-field polynomial phases and Gowers norms.

Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 35(3), 283–305. Publisher record: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0734189X86900022 . Author and bibliographic metadata verified from the indexed publisher record; full text unavailable. Cited for the research/expository contribution; the profiles explain basic set-operation examples directly.

Author lecture notes, 6 April 2009. Definition 1 defines omega-Jónsson functions; Theorem 2 states their existence assuming choice and presents the Galvin–Prikry argument.

Primary text: www.4el.ch/crypto/bibliotheque/PDF/shannon1949.pdf

Cited passages: Sections 14–15, printed pp. 691–695, especially the discussion following Figure 7: random-cipher equivocation approaches zero sharply and defines an approximate unicity distance; section 15 lists corrections for actual ciphers. Published in Bell System Technical Journal 28(4), pp. 656–715, DOI 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1949.tb00928.x.

Primary text: arxiv.org/pdf/2105.10386

Cited passages: Section 8.4, Margulis–Russo Formula, equations (8.8)–(8.9), printed pp. 224–225: derivative and biased-influence normalization. The book originally appeared in April 2014; the cited freely available edition is arXiv:2105.10386v1.

Primary text: arxiv.org/pdf/2311.05762

Cited passages: Appendix A, equations (A.10)–(A.13), printed pp. 26–27: entropy of group sums, entropic Ruzsa distance and triangle inequality. The inspected version is arXiv:2311.05762v2 (12 December 2023), in characteristic two.

By A. J. Cole, A. J. T. Davie. The Mathematical Gazette 53(386), pages 354–357, December 1969.

Publisher record and original extract: www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mathematical-gazette/article/abs/game-based-on-the-euclidean-algorithm-and-a-winning-strategy-for-it/99A7D31D926AF615AEB88F71CFAA9BB6

Introduces Euclid game. The wiki specifies its own terminal convention explicitly rather than assuming that all variants agree.

By Michael J. Whinihan. The Fibonacci Quarterly 1(4), pages 9–13, December 1963.

Primary paper: www.fq.math.ca/Scanned/1-4/whinihan.pdf

Pages 9–12 give the rules and the least-Zeckendorf-summand winning strategy for Fibonacci Nim.