Journal of Biological Chemistry 253(8),2769–2776. Abstract: serum-derived IGF-I and structural homology with proinsulin. Initialled author forms preserved from the primary publication record.

Author retrospective published in 2000: cartilage culture, sulfate uptake and the serum-mediator hypothesis. Indexed abstract consulted. Full Daughaday name corroborated by his institutional history: endocrinology.wustl.edu/about/our-history/william-h-daughaday-md/ .

Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 49(6),825–836. Historical primary report; this record has no abstract. Experimental interpretation below is sourced separately to Daughaday's 2000 retrospective.

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 57(4),792–796. Abstract: five participants, two-hour sampling for five days, estradiol/progesterone/gonadotropin relationships. The primary byline gives J. D. Hoff; no unverified expansion of initials is assumed.

Fertility and Sterility 22(11),703–721. Abstract: purified hypothalamic factor stimulates both LH and FSH. Andrew Schally identity corroborated by Tulane: medicine.tulane.edu/news/dr-andrew-schally-former-tulane-endocrinologist-and-nobel-laureate-dies-97 .

Journal of Biological Chemistry272(1997),14800–14804; DOI10.1074/jbc.272.23.14800. Abstract: wild-type and S256A constructs in LLC-PK1 cells, stopped-flow light-scattering water-permeability assay, cAMP response and surface labeling. Initials retained.

Journal of Reproduction and Fertility73(1985),425–431. Indexed original PDF rep.bioscientifica.com/downloadpdf/journals/rep/73/2/jrf_73_2_016.pdf inspected: surgically disconnected pituitaries,250ng GnRH hourly versus every2h for1week,3ewes/group, subsequent0.5microgram/min infusion. Direct PDF redirects to publisher home; indexed original Summary verified.

Institutional profile linked directly from the1982 paper record: physiology, neuroendocrinology, reproduction and large-animal models; named portrait.

Institutional obituary of James Thomas Cummins: St Vincent’s Melbourne neurosurgery and surgical animal models developed with Iain Clarke to investigate hypothalamic–pituitary hormone physiology. The adjacent Surgical News obituary is a different person and was not conflated.

Journal of Physiology557(2004),889–907; DOI10.1113/jphysiol.2003.058255. Abstract: albumin-perfused rat mesenteric microvessels, matched tissue/lumen albumin, confocal and serial-section electron microscopy; glycocalyx versus bulk interstitial oncotic gradient.

Verified locator: American Journal of Physiology196,927–936 (1959), DOI10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.196.4.927, PMID13637248. Abstract: micropuncture sites, equally hyperosmotic loop-bend/collecting-duct/vasa-recta fluid at the same medullary level, and countercurrent interpretation. Methods p928 (publisher indexed PDF): oil-filled Pyrex micropipettes and freezing-point-depression measurement of nanolitre samples. Publisher and PubMed differ in month metadata; year/pages/DOI agree.

Nature 361,549–552,11 February 1993. Abstract: collecting-tubule localization and functional expression in Xenopus oocytes. DOI doi.org/10.1038/361549a0 . The primary byline gives K. Fushimi; no unverified expansion of that initial is assumed.

Endocrinology 111(5),1737–1739. Abstract: conscious ovariectomized ewes, preserved pituitary function, GnRH in portal plasma and LH in jugular plasma. DOI doi.org/10.1210/endo-111-5-1737 . Full author names verified in the author repository.

By S. Nielsen and others; author roster verified in the primary article. PNAS 92(4), 1013–1017 (14 February 1995). DOI: doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.4.1013

Verified locator: abstract, isolated perfused rat collecting ducts, osmotic water permeability and immunoelectron microscopy before/during/after vasopressin. The same tubules were used for functional and localization measurements.

Types of blood tests, Complete blood count: red-cell oxygen transport, white-cell immune role, platelets as cell fragments, haemoglobin and haematocrit.

Gut 34(5), pp.689–693, DOI 10.1136/gut.34.5.689. By T. O'Kelly, A. Brading and N. Mortensen. Abstract: isolated human muscle strips, isometric tension, field stimulation, nitric-oxide donor and inhibitor controls. Initials retained as published.

2007, abstract: balloon distension, anal pressure recordings and inhibitory/contractile responses in 23 subjects.

Anal canal section: thickened smooth muscle forms the internal anal sphincter, under involuntary control.

Definition: liquid remaining after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed.

What is dysphagia? How do we swallow? How does dysphagia occur? Official institutional fact sheet.