By John Gorcsan III, William A. Mandarino, Lee G. Deneault, Shigeki Morita, Akihiko Kawai, Bartley P. Griffith, Robert L. Kormos. The International Journal of Cardiac Imaging 10, 103–111, June 1994. Publisher title, full byline, author affiliations and abstract verified at link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01137705 . Abstract: six excised dog hearts were perfused ex vivo; an intraventricular balloon supplied volume and a micromanometer catheter supplied pressure. Automated echocardiographic borders measured mid-ventricular short-axis area. Three volume runs in 1 mL increments per heart yielded 1,080 simultaneous observations. The experiment compared pressure-area with pressure-volume relationships; it did not establish clinical validation. Full article not inspected.

Primary source: www.woodlibrarymuseum.org/museum/wright-peak-flowmeter/

Verified locator: Primary collection record, accession 1998-02-25-1, access key apoq. Catalogue author explicitly Wright, B.M. (Basil Martin). Object description identifies the Airmed portable peak-flow instrument and its role in moving measurements outside a bulky laboratory setup. No exact date assigned to the museum specimen from its tentative early-1960s dating.

Primary source: www.bmj.com/content/2/5159/1041

Verified locator: BMJ 2(5159), 1041–1046, 21 November 1959; DOI 10.1136/bmj.2.5159.1041; PMID 13846051. Primary publisher bylines B. M. Wright and C. B. McKerrow. The PubMed title includes the subtitle describing a new portable instrument. Basil Martin Wright identity is directly corroborated by the Wood Library-Museum object catalogue author field, not inferred from initials.

Primary source: academic.oup.com/ajrccm/article/126/5/788/8563845

Verified locator: American Review of Respiratory Disease 126(5), 788–791, 1 November 1982; DOI 10.1164/arrd.1982.126.5.788. Current primary publisher byline explicitly gives Ahmet Baydur; PubMed PMID 7149443 abbreviates A. Baydur. Abstract: ten subjects, sitting/supine/lateral positions, end-expiratory airway occlusion and spontaneous inspiratory efforts; measured esophageal-to-mouth pressure-change ratios, with some posture-dependent differences corrected by repositioning the balloon.

Colleague-authored primary memorial, published 4 April 2022, volume 142, DOI 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0182. Opening biographical paragraphs state birth in Oslo in 1943, death on 11 February 2022, specialist qualification in internal medicine and cardiology in 1982, and development of the cardiac ultrasound laboratory at Rikshospitalet. The image immediately before the opening memorial paragraph is the identified portrait. Scientific measurement contributions are separately supported by Ihlen’s original paper.

Primary American Society of Echocardiography report, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 15(2), pp. 167–184, February 2002; DOI 10.1067/mje.2002.120202. Printed p. 167 identifies first author/chair Miguel A. Quiñones. General Principles, pp. 167–168, distinguishes site selection and pulse-rate aliasing from continuous-wave range ambiguity. PW Doppler and CW Doppler, pp. 168–169, distinguish sampled distributions, modal velocities and the fastest envelope; Figure 1 shows finite spectral dispersion within a sample volume.

New England Journal of Medicine 342(18), 1301–1308 (4 May 2000), DOI 10.1056/NEJM200005043421801. Primary corporate byline Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Abstract, Methods and Results: randomized comparison of lower versus traditional tidal-volume and plateau-pressure strategies in 861 patients. Volumes were indexed to predicted body weight. These are historical trial protocols, not individual ventilator-setting recommendations.

Official National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute technical patient explanation, Ventilator/Ventilator Support: What Is a Ventilator? Opening paragraphs describe a machine moving air into and out of the lungs and distinguish mask and breathing-tube interfaces. No patient-specific settings are inferred.

Primary paper, British Heart Journal 51(1), pp. 54–60, January 1984, DOI 10.1136/hrt.51.1.54. The publisher first-page index verifies the full first byline Halfdan Ihlen: heart.bmj.com/content/heartjnl/51/1/54.full.pdf . Abstract: comparison with thermodilution at rest and during dobutamine infusion in ten patients, and with the Fick method at rest in eleven. The theory relates spatially averaged velocity and anatomical area to flow. Full-text entry: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC482313/ . Direct readers returned 403/browser checks; the primary publisher indexed first page and abstract were readable. No uninspected result statistics are asserted.

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 30(4), 303–371 (2017), DOI 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007. Primary ASE/SCMR technical report; full indexed title and byline: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28314623/ . Sections II.B.6 and III, Figure 8 and Table 7 specify volume-balance and Doppler measurements.

Title page, printed p.303, www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2017VavularRegurgitationGuideline.pdf : the first author is explicitly designated William A. Zoghbi, MD, FASE (Chair). This verifies the report-leadership role stated in his profile, rather than inferring a chair role merely from first-author position.

Journal of Clinical Investigation 35(3), 322–326 (1956), DOI 10.1172/JCI103281. Full title continues: a comparison with a nitrogen washout method for measuring functional residual capacity in normal subjects. Primary publisher byline spells Arthur B. DuBois. Pages 322–324, Method, Figure 1 and equations 1–7 describe the sealed chamber, shutter, pressure transducers and Boyle-law calculation. Full primary PDF: www.jci.org/articles/view/103281/files/pdf .

European Respiratory Journal 62(4), 2201519 (2023). Full publication title: European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society technical statement: standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes, 2023 update. Primary indexed byline: Nirav R Bhakta and colleagues, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37500112/ . Definitions and subdivisions of lung volume, Figure 1, and Measurement of FRC give the capacity identities and distinguish gas dilution from plethysmographic measurements.

Measurement of FRC using MBW, Calculations, equations 5–6 and Figure 5: net tracer volume is calculated from volume-weighted gas concentration over expired gas, then divided by the difference between initial and final end-tidal tracer fractions. Measurement of FRC using helium dilution, Equipment and Figures 6–8: circuit mixing, carbon-dioxide absorption and oxygen replacement maintain the defined dilution measurement. These are the precise method locators used in the nitrogen-washout and helium articles.

Named institutional profile. About me identifies Laura Koth as a pulmonologist and describes research on lung inflammation and macrophage activation. The page explicitly labels her portrait and supplies its image URL; no birth date or expansion of the middle initial inferred.

American Journal of Physiology–Heart and Circulatory Physiology 292(3), H1452–H1459 (2007; online 10 November 2006), DOI 10.1152/ajpheart.01148.2006. Abstract, Methods: cine magnetic resonance imaging of twelve controls, twelve elite triathletes and twelve patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Long-axis displacement and short-axis area enter the model for the longitudinal contribution to stroke volume. Indexed full first byline Marcus Carlsson.

Abstract, Methods, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17098822/ : the area factor is specifically the mean epicardial area of the largest short-axis slices at end diastole, multiplied by atrioventricular plane displacement and divided by stroke volume. This specifies the anatomical area and cardiac phase behind the geometric estimator cited in the Marcus Carlsson profile.

American Journal of Physiology–Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293(3), H1473–H1479 (2007), DOI 10.1152/ajpheart.00208.2007. Abstract: six sheep, implanted ventricular and annular markers, biplane fluoroscopy and three-dimensional marker reconstruction; tetrahedral volume estimates separate annular dynamics from total filling. Indexed first byline is C Carlhäll; no expansion of the initial is asserted.

Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery 8(3), 313–321 (May 2019), DOI 10.21037/acs.2019.04.16. Technical anatomical exposition by the cardiac surgeons named in the primary byline. General considerations and Figures 1–2 distinguish the basal reference, crown-shaped attachment and sinotubular boundary. Figure 1 identifies separate measurement levels in an echocardiographic view.

Primary source: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7158317/

Verified locator: Primary textbook chapter, Murray and Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, dated 3 April 2015, pp. 407–435.e18, DOI 10.1016/B978-1-4557-3383-5.00025-7. Exact bylines Warren M. Gold and Laura L. Koth. Section Static and Dynamic Compliance states dynamic lung compliance uses tidal-breath pressure changes at moments of zero flow; static measurements instead characterize the equilibrated pressure-volume curve. Full chapter inspected.

Additional chapter locators, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7158317/ : Lung Volumes and Figure 25-2 distinguish equal vital-capacity changes arising from different total-capacity/residual-volume pairs. Gas Dilution Methods and Figure 25-10 describe tracer equilibration with communicating gas, supplying the conservation model used in the Koth profile. These sections are jointly authored; separate section authorship is not inferred.

Additional primary chapter locator: closed-circuit helium dilution, Figure 25-10 and accompanying text, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7158317/ . A known external gas volume and initial helium fraction, with equilibration and final helium measurement, determine the communicating lung gas volume at connection. The text describes a thermal-conductivity meter and return of sampled gas to the circuit. The 3 L/10%/4% numerical conservation example in the wiki is original, not reported experimental data.

Additional chapter locators: Lung Volumes compares gas-dilution and Body Plethysmography measurement models, including communicating gas and trapped-gas differences. Lung Elasticity describes how recorded intraesophageal pressure also includes contributions from balloon-wall recoil, esophageal tension and mediastinal structures, in addition to the intended pressure estimate. These experimental contributions matter when partitioning lung and chest-wall stiffness. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7158317/

Additional exact method locators: Single-Breath Nitrogen Test describes the early conducting-airway gas, mixing transition and alveolar plateau. Minute Ventilation defines exhaled gas per minute. The Bohr Equation for Respiratory Dead Space and Physiologic Dead Space distinguish mixed expired gas, alveolar gas and the assumptions in substituting arterial carbon dioxide. These sections support the anatomical-versus-gas-exchange dead-space and ventilation articles.

Primary source: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8854783/

Verified locator: Frontiers in Physiology 13:773010, published 4 February 2022, DOI 10.3389/fphys.2022.773010. First byline Pierre Tawfik. Figure 1 and Introduction distinguish four pressure/volume methods; Materials and Methods describes passive mechanical ventilation and measurements of static and dynamic respiratory-system compliance. Do not silently relabel total respiratory-system values as lung-only compliance.

Additional exact locator: Materials and Methods, Study Procedures, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8854783/ . Because deflation need not be uniexponential, the investigators measured two expiratory time constants and used their mean in the compliance equation. This is distinguished from the wiki’s original two-compartment pressure-step calculation, which is not study data.

Primary source: www.aarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ers-ats-standardization-of-spirometry.pdf

Verified locator: Official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society technical statement, approved September 2019. First byline Brian L. Graham. Equipment and Device Quality Assurance distinguish volume and flow instruments; FVC Maneuver defines forced expiratory measurements. Calibration and Quality Control specifies at least daily 3-L syringe verification over multiple flow rates and measured-volume accuracy ±3%. Figure 4 illustrates volume changes while residual volume remains an unmeasured offset. Primary full PDF inspected.

Additional precise locators in the official 2019 statement: Start of Test and Figure 1 define Time 0 by back-extrapolation and include the pre-Time-0 expired volume in FEV1 and FVC. Table 7 distinguishes FEV1 and FVC acceptability/usability, including end-of-forced-expiration considerations. These locators support timing and incomplete-expiration distinctions, rather than a universal fixed expiration-time rule.

Additional precise locator in the official technical statement: Equipment, Display, printed p. e74 (PDF p. 5), requires both volume-time and flow-volume real-time displays and describes their complementary information. This supports the distinction between timed-volume summaries and a complete waveform. www.aarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ers-ats-standardization-of-spirometry.pdf

Additional precise PEF locator: Reported Values defines peak expiratory flow as the highest flow from the specified maximal forced expiratory maneuver, and Table 9 (printed p. e82) gives its spirometric reporting units as liters per second. This distinguishes a maximum flow from the timed and total expired volumes. www.aarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ers-ats-standardization-of-spirometry.pdf

Annals of Thoracic Surgery 97(6), 1998–2004 (2014); DOI 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.01.015. Primary byline Frederick C Cobey and colleagues; title and indexed abstract concern quantitative three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of the mitral coaptation zone and normalization to valve area.

Abstract, Methods, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24655467/ : 25 patients with functional mitral regurgitation undergoing cardiac operations received intraoperative two-dimensional and three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography; end-systolic coaptation zone and valve area were measured offline. These specific acquisition and sample details support the Cobey profile.

Abstract, Methods gives the explicit index formula as three-dimensional end-systolic mitral coaptation-zone area divided by three-dimensional mitral-valve area. Results reports an inverse correlation with two-dimensional vena-contracta measurement (r = -0.74); the denominator is the protocol-defined MV area rather than an unspecified alternative area.