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A physiologist whose experiments investigated how the sympathetic nervous system influences the eye. Cutting and stimulating cervical pathways helped relate particular connections to their physiological effects.^[ref]

Identity and early work: Wellcome catalogue: Neue Untersuchungen über das Nervensystem, 1851, identifying Budge as a contributor.

A physiologist who investigated the chemical constituents of faeces and reported a crystalline material he named excretin. The historical preparation should not automatically be identified with a single pure modern compound.^[ref]

Author of On Excretine by William Marcet. Contemporary identification: On the immediate principles of human excrements in the healthy state, 1857.

A physiologist whose experiments distinguished spinal cord reflexes from movements requiring conscious sensation. His 1833 account made the spinal cord an active part of the mechanism of movement.^[ref]

External portrait: Wellcome Collection, identified reproduction of a portrait of Marshall Hall.

A late-antique physician and medical writer whose Latin works on acute and chronic diseases preserve and adapt earlier Greek medical knowledge. Their organization connects causes, signs and treatment discussions, making them a source for the history of clinical classification.^[ref]

Ancient medical author of On the Causes and Signs of Chronic Diseases by Aretaeus of Cappadocia, including the coeliac affection of Aretaeus.

Ancient physician traditionally associated with the Hippocratic Corpus.

Ancient physician whose On Treatment by Bloodletting by Galen discusses selection, tolerance and technique.

Roman medical writer, author of On Medicine by Aulus Cornelius Celsus.

Nineteenth-century physician associated with an inflammatory theory of disease and extensive bloodletting by medicinal leeches.

Physician associated with the numerical method in medicine and Research on the Effects of Bloodletting by Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis.

Physician who criticized routine depletory treatment of inflammation.

A physician who coauthored a synthesis of research on movement, the senses and development. Comparing competing explanations of blood-cell formation shows how physiological writing could organize unresolved experimental evidence.^[ref]

Physician and physiological writer.

Identity: history.rcp.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/william-baly

Verified external portrait record: catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?id=IM%2FMaull%2F000228&src=CalmView.Catalog

Physician and helminthologist; his 1864 book supplies contemporary context for Entozoa.

Identity: makingscience.royalsociety.org/people/na6066/thomas-spencer-cobbold

Verified external portrait record: wellcomecollection.org/works/x9qjb6eg/images?id=nk9kp7fm

Physician associated with the 1868 Hering-Breuer inflation reflex.

Identity: www.josephinum.ac.at/online-sammlung/objekt/portraet-von-josef-breuer-133318/

Verified external portrait record: www.freud.org.uk/collections/archives/archive-records/IN/1521/

Medieval physician, author of the Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sina.

Physician whose defence of previous experience with bloodletting formed part of the nineteenth-century controversy.

A physician who connected edema and urinary albumin with structural kidney abnormalities. Bringing bedside findings together with postmortem anatomy helped distinguish a renal disease process from dropsy as a symptom alone.^[ref]

Portrait catalogue: Wellcome Collection, M0003071, identified portrait of Richard Bright.

A physician and pathologist who investigated tissue changes and their distribution in disease. His account of amyloid degeneration is an example of connecting microscopic material with alterations across internal organs, while preserving the historical meaning of its terminology.^[ref]

Portrait: Wellcome portrait on Wikimedia Commons.

A physician who helped establish dedicated inpatient care for children by founding the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street in 1852. His medical work linked care of children with observations of diseases during early development.^[ref]

Portrait catalogue: Wellcome Collection, M0013615, identified seated portrait of Charles West.

A pathologist associated with medical education and the explanation of disease mechanisms. The textbook bearing his name distinguishes hypertrophy from hyperplasia, linking changes in tissue size to different underlying cellular processes.^[ref]

Portrait attempt: Royal College of Pathologists Bulletin, January 2022, featured-article photograph caption identifies Professor Sir James Underwood. The pathology textbook title refers to James Underwood.