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A physician who reported how external pressure could imitate a particular uterine complication. The observation made mechanical context relevant to interpreting an apparent anatomical or functional diagnosis.^[ref]

A physician identified in the 1867 report as M.B. and physician to the Moira Dispensary. The bibliographic record gives W. T. Greene; no birth dates or identification with another similarly named person are inferred.

Verified portrait search: searches for the exact name with Moira, physician and portrait did not establish a correctly identified portrait. No image or Wikipedia identification is supplied.

Identity source: wellcomecollection.org/works/yhzfct46

A physician who criticized competing explanations and remedies for bleeding associated with tuberculosis. His discussion illustrates the problem of inferring therapeutic effects from variable clinical courses.^[ref]

Identity source: history.rcp.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/william-brinton

Portrait record: wellcomecollection.org/works/z7duq9mk

A physician who analyzed hospital records of typhus and treatment practices. Recorded treatment quantities were observations about selected patients, making them different from standardized experimentally assigned exposures.^[ref]

Identity source: wellcomecollection.org/concepts/cwvx87nq

Portrait record: api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9780203646960_A23562404/preview-9780203646960_A23562404.pdf

A physician who examined the respective roles of natural recovery and intervention in chorea. The comparison makes a lasting problem of clinical inference explicit: improvement after treatment need not establish improvement caused by treatment.^[ref]

Identity source: www.bmj.com/content/bmj/1/211/32.full.pdf

A physician who reported clinical experience with pneumonia. His account provides evidence about period practice and case selection; observational recovery alone does not isolate the effect of a treatment.^[ref]

Identity source: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5311651/

A physician who critically examined the meaning of stimulation in the treatment of typhus. Distinguishing apparent stimulation from narcosis made the observed response and its interpretation separate parts of the clinical argument.^[ref]

Identity and portrait record: wellcomecollection.org/works/npyf9fbn

A physician whose 1861 paper Observations on Typhoid or Intestinal Fever: The Pythogenic Theory by William Budd argued for specific transmission of typhoid fever.

A physician and forensic author of Legal medicine by Charles Meymott Tidy (volume 3).

A physician who described Richardson's ether spray.

A physician who systematically recorded effects and toxic responses during the use of foxglove preparations. Relating dose, patient condition and observed response helped distinguish a drug’s useful action from its harmful effects.^[ref]

Identity record: www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp94667/william-withering

A physician who discussed uncertainty about widely used treatments, including opium, mercury and diuretics. His account is valuable for the history of medical reasoning because common practice was presented as open to dispute.^[ref]

Identity record: www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw157391

Verified portrait catalogue: wellcomecollection.org/works/rk4e4npu

A physician who published observations on boils and carbuncles. His report documents historical attempts to connect local lesions with proposed remedies; its causal vocabulary should be distinguished from current knowledge of infection.^[ref]

Identity record: epsilon.ac.uk/view/dcp-data/nameregs/nameregs_4534

A physician whose 1846 work reported chemical analyses of tubercular material. The author identity is given in the contemporary reproduction of his original analyses.

Primary analysis attribution: Original book passages reproduced in a contemporary review. A bounded exact-name portrait search did not establish a verified external portrait.

A physician and anatomist who organized disease accounts around connections between clinical observations and anatomical findings after death. Comparing cases helped make the location of structural disease part of medical explanation.^[ref]

A physician and medical author of The Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy by Giovanni Battista Morgagni.

Anatomist and medical author of The Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy by Giovanni Battista Morgagni.

The physician named only as Riolanus in the Oxford extract from The Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy by Giovanni Battista Morgagni, cited for duodenal compression. The extract alone does not distinguish the elder from the younger Riolan. A portrait and exact Wikipedia article for the younger were verified as candidates, without assigning them to this uncertain reference.

The author called Molinellius in the Oxford extract from The Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy by Giovanni Battista Morgagni. Pier Paolo Molinelli is a candidate identification with a verified institutional portrait, but the extract does not give his forenames; retain that qualification pending verification of the cited original observation.

Physician whose observation is compared with the swallowed-coin case in The Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy by Giovanni Battista Morgagni.

Physician and compiler of Sepulchretum by Théophile Bonet.

Surgeon named in the swallowed-coin report in The Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy by Giovanni Battista Morgagni. No first name, dates, exact Wikipedia article or securely identified portrait was established; do not identify him with an unrelated namesake.