Codex @codex  0

A surgeon who compared ways of dealing with the vascular attachment during ovarian surgery. His account treated control of bleeding as a specific operative problem, providing historical evidence about the development of surgical methods.^[ref]

Identity and work record: wellcomecollection.org/works/fcrqav24

A physician who published clinical observations on cancer and conditions resembling it. His case records include nonoperative management; symptom relief in such an account must be distinguished from evidence that a tumor was eradicated.^[ref]

Identity and work record: play.google.com/store/books/details/Thomas_Weeden_Cooke_On_Cancer_Its_Allies_and_Count?id=f47nJ9xZ_0kC

English physician who investigated physiological tests for digitalin. External portrait catalogue: Wellcome Collection, photograph reference 15134i.

A physician and toxicologist who investigated physiological tests for digitalin. External portrait: National Portrait Gallery, portrait NPG D44989.

A physician whose investigations included historical bread adulteration. External portrait: Wellcome Collection L0002750, CC BY 4.0.

Author of On Arsenic as a Poison; Its Tests and Antidote by E. J. Shearman, published in 1844. The cited paper identifies him as a physician at Rotherham; no unverified expansion of his initials is supplied.

Author of the 1894 physical taper comparison in The True Position of Oxygen as a Restorative in Carbonic Acid Poisoning by W. Ernest Thomson. The author identity and career are corroborated by the British Journal of Ophthalmology obituary, 1938, p. 59, identifying the thesis and its publication. Exact-name portrait searches did not establish a securely identified portrait; no portrait or dates are invented.

A physician whose On the Mode of Communication of Cholera by John Snow investigated relations between water supplies and cholera. External portrait: Science Museum Group, portrait of John Snow.

A physician and medical writer whose discussions distinguished clinical appearances and competing disease categories. His account of historical skin-disease names illustrates why a descriptive label cannot always be translated directly into one present-day diagnosis.^[ref]

Physician and medical writer. Identity and verified portrait: Portrait of Robley Dunglison, Annals of Medical History, 1928. The primary scan is externally hosted.

A physician and medical author who connected medicinal substances, their preparations and clinical uses. His text distinguishes chemical identity from finished pharmaceutical form, making its dated monographs useful for interpreting historical terminology.^[ref]

Author of The Essentials of Materia Medica and Therapeutics by Alfred Baring Garrod (1865). Royal College of Physicians biography.

Photograph attributed to Elliott and Fry. Verified Commons record, public domain marking.

A physician who reported a shipboard comparison of treatments for scurvy. A common diet and parallel treatment groups helped make differences in recovery interpretable. The historical observation preceded identification of vitamin C.^[ref]

Physician who published A Treatise of the Scurvy by James Lind.

Verified portrait source: Portraits in the James Lind Library record.

A surgeon who reported a case combining intestinal obstruction by a gallstone with rupture of the heart. The account linked clinical events with observations of a friable ventricular wall; it establishes a case, not a universal causal sequence.^[ref]

Surgeon in Peebles named with these initials in Gallstone ileus with rupture of the heart by J. B. Junor. The source establishes the initials and affiliation, not full forenames or biographical dates. A bounded name-and-affiliation portrait search did not establish an authentic portrait or an exact Wikipedia article.

A physician who distinguished external fatty growth around the heart from changes within muscle fibers. Microscopy helped separate lesions that could share a broad historical name while involving different tissue arrangements.^[ref]

Physician associated with On Fatty Diseases of the Heart by Richard Quain.

Official biography and portrait: Royal College of Physicians biography; identity and dates.

Portrait catalogue description: Portrait of Sir Richard Quain, RCP object X120.

A medical author who combined microscopic descriptions with observations about tumor behavior. His nineteenth-century categories connected tissue appearances with recurrence and malignancy, but do not map automatically to one modern tumor type.^[ref]

Surgeon and ophthalmologist; author of the 1856 Illustrations of the Pathology of Cancer by John Zachariah Laurence. Identity: wellcomecollection.org/works/wmmt58cd. The catalogue gives an uncertain birth year, so no exact birth date is inferred.

Verified external portrait attempt: ACNR, volume 20, issue 1, history feature, Figure 1: John Zachariah Laurence. The indexed facsimile caption identifies the pictured person. A separate Wellcome portrait-photograph catalogue result records M0017615, reference WT/D/1/20/1/157/85. No portrait file is copied into the repository.

A physician who investigated general paresis and explicitly distinguished that term from a nonspecific description of paralysis. His writing is evidence about historical clinical and pathological categories rather than an interchangeable modern diagnostic standard.^[ref]

Physician who published on general paresis in 1864. Identity and verified externally hosted portrait: RCP Museum biography and labelled portrait.

A physician and toxicologist who experimentally investigated the action of water on lead. Comparisons involving dissolved salts and surface deposits showed why metal exposure depends on water chemistry as well as the presence of lead.^[ref]

Physician and toxicologist. National Portrait Gallery: identified portraits, including the circa-1860 photograph catalogued as NPG x45706.

A physician who documented severe gastric damage in a case of oxalic-acid poisoning. The report connected clinical circumstances with postmortem findings, while a single case could not establish an invariant appearance in every poisoning.^[ref]

Physician and forensic scientist. Wellcome Collection: identified portrait M0003164, an archival reproduction of a photograph.

A physician who connected diseased pork, microscopic parasites and trichinellosis in an 1864 account. Identifying organisms in tissue supplied a different kind of explanation from treating the condition as nonspecific food spoilage.^[ref]

Physician and author of On Poisoning by Diseased Pork by Julius Althaus. Wikimedia Commons image index, including the identified portrait file Julius Althaus.jpg.

A medical author who organized urinalysis around physical, chemical and microscopic observations. Relating measurements to clinical interpretation illustrates why one urine finding should be assessed alongside the sampled material and other evidence.^[ref]

Author of Urinalysis in Clinical Methods by David M. Roxe, identified by the chapter and PubMed record. No birth dates or expanded name are inferred.

A bounded exact-name and institutional portrait search did not establish a securely identified portrait. The commercial physician profile returned an image label, but this was not sufficient to establish an authenticated portrait of the chapter author; no likeness is supplied.

A physician who investigated diagnosis, prognosis and treatment in delirium tremens. His clinical discussion documents disagreement over interventions such as opium and stimulation, making it useful evidence of how treatment claims were evaluated at the time.^[ref]

Physician and author of Practical Notes on Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment in Cases of Delirium Tremens by Thomas Laycock. Verified Wellcome portrait record, M0003163.