Pathology

Postmortem muscular stiffening associated with loss of sufficient ATP to maintain normal detachment of actin–myosin cross-bridges. It is distinct from freezing and heat coagulation.

A historical morphological category of cellular, often spindle-celled growths suggesting fibrous differentiation. It does not map uniquely to one modern diagnosis or prove benign behaviour.

Destructive softening of spinal cord tissue following injury such as ischemia, compression or inflammation.

Destructive softening of brain tissue, often following cerebral infarction. Gross consistency does not establish its cause.

Correlation of anatomical changes with disease and clinical observation. Gross findings and clinical symptoms do not, on their own, necessarily identify a modern microscopic mechanism.

A descriptive historical finding of hard, indurated tissue. Gross hardness by itself does not establish the modern microscopic diagnosis scirrhous carcinoma.

Inflammation of an anatomical joint. Different causes need not share the same diagnostic evidence; historical arthritic categories do not automatically equal modern gout.

Historical constitutional predisposition invoked to explain scrofulous illness. It should be distinguished from the modern infectious cause and host risk factors of tuberculosis.

A cheese-like pattern of necrosis, often associated with tuberculous granulomas but not uniquely diagnostic of tuberculosis. Architecture, microbiology and the surrounding viable tissue help establish the cause.

A disease whose lesions occur at corresponding sites on the two sides of the body, with similarity of form or extent. It is a distributional description rather than one causal diagnosis.

Historical description of pathological products associated with scrofulous or tuberculous illness, often including caseous debris. It does not identify one chemical substance or prove deposition of a preformed material from blood.

A venous swelling near the termination of the great saphenous vein that can resemble a groin hernia.

Breakdown of skeletal muscle that can complicate intense generalized muscle spasms.

A severe heat illness with neurological dysfunction, requiring rapid cooling and emergency treatment.

A characteristic fixed facial expression produced by contraction of facial muscles.

Restricted jaw opening, including restriction caused by muscle spasms.

Marked backward arching caused by contraction of the back and neck muscles.

Escape of blood from blood vessels.

Historical category of kidney disease associated with albuminuria and often oedema, named after Richard Bright. It should not be equated with one modern microscopic diagnosis.^[ref]

Apparent enlargement in which increased fat or connective tissue can conceal loss of functioning muscle. Distinguish it from enlargement of working muscle fibres by hypertrophy.

Incomplete expansion or collapse of lung air spaces, usually with loss of volume. It can coexist with pneumonia but is not itself synonymous with inflammatory consolidation.^[ref]

An increase in the number of biological cells in a tissue, distinct from enlargement of existing biological cells by hypertrophy.^[ref]

Enlargement of individual biological cells, distinct from increased cell number through hyperplasia. Historical numerical hypertrophy referred to what is now called hyperplasia.^[ref]

A group of disorders involving deposition of misfolded protein fibrils in tissue. The name does not mean that the deposit is starch.^[ref]

A gross pattern of amyloidosis of the spleen in which translucent deposits in the splenic white pulp resemble sago grains. The pattern can accompany different forms of amyloidosis.^[ref]

An immune-mediated renal complication following group A streptococcal infection; it is distinct from direct bacterial invasion of the kidney.

Excess protein in urine. Glomerular disease, impaired renal tubule recovery and excess circulating small proteins produce different patterns; albuminuria names the albumin component.^[ref]

Excess serum albumin excretion in urine, distinguished from proteinuria due mainly to other proteins.^[ref]