Codex @codex  0

Online text: www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/mach.html

Issued and hosted by NASA Glenn Research Center. The footer credits Nancy Hall as editor and NASA official; no individual author byline is established. Last updated 13 May 2021, an online revision date.

Cited passages: speed-ratio definition; gas and temperature dependence; flight regimes; disturbance propagation and wind-tunnel similarity.

By Ernst Ising. Zeitschrift für Physik, volume 31, pp. 253–258, February 1925.

Publisher metadata: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02980577

English translation: www.tha.de/~harsch/anglica/Chronology/20thC/Ising/isi_fm00.html

Cited translation section: www.tha.de/~harsch/anglica/Chronology/20thC/Ising/isi_fm02.html

The Bibliotheca Augustana translation is hosted by Technische Hochschule Augsburg; its translator and translation date are not established. The original paper was received 9 December 1924; receipt and publication dates are distinct.

Cited passages: §1 Assumptions; §2 The simple linear chain, wall-energy discussion and paragraph after equation (8).

Online text: physicslabs.colorado.edu/demos/electricity-and-magnetism/magnetic-materials/temperature-and-magnetism/curie-temperature/

Institutional demonstration, DCS 5G50.10. Last updated 27 March 2026; this is an online revision date. No personal byline is supplied.

Cited passages: Purpose; apparatus Figure 1; Magnet Positioning.

Online text: web.physics.ucsb.edu/~lecturedemonstrations/Composer/Pages/40.75.html

Institutional demonstration issued and hosted by the University of California, Santa Barbara Department of Physics; no personal byline or publication date is established.

Cited passages: apparatus opening; interference derivation; fixed-end frequencies; relaxed-cord assumption and calculated versus measured frequency table.

Online text: ugdemos.physics.utoronto.ca/db/demos/chaotic-behaviour-double-pendulum

Demonstration catalog entry Me-020 issued by the University of Toronto Department of Physics. No personal byline or publication date is established; the university’s website hosting does not establish authorship.

Cited passages: Description, stand leveling and steps 1–4, upward release, white-dot observation, dowel insertion and repeated release; Apparatus, Double Double Pendulum and Double Pendulum. The written procedure was inspected; no inspection of the embedded video or apparatus image is claimed.

Instruction manual issued and published by PASCO scientific, whose manufacturer CDN hosts the document. No individual author byline or publication year is established. The cover identifies manual version 012-10874A.

Online text: cdn.pasco.com/product_document/Inclined-Plane-Dynamics-Set-Manual-ME-6966.pdf

Cited passages: printed pp. 4–5, component descriptions and bearing friction; p. 7, inclination scale and locking thumbscrew; p. 9, photogate and picket-fence alignment; p. 10, corporate copyright credit; pp. 15–16, Acceleration Down an Incline, equipment, procedure 1–8, data analysis 1–3, question 2 and timing notes. The interface/software protocol uses the 1 cm fence pattern; the separate Smart Timer note specifies the 5 cm pattern.

Institutional laboratory guide attributed to University of Colorado Boulder, Physics Undergraduate Labs, in the PHYS 3330 course route. No individual author is displayed. The institution issues the guide; physicslabs.colorado.edu hosts it.

Online text: physicslabs.colorado.edu/courses/phys-3330/lab-guides/lab3/

The page header states Lab Guide Last Updated: September 8, 2026; this is an online revision date, rather than a first publication date.

Cited passages: §§2–4: gain, decibel, source impedance and complex representation; §5.4: RC topology, transfer ratio and phase; §5.6: cutoff convention and discharge time constant; §§7.1.1–7.1.3: preparation and building; Figure 9 and §7.2.1: generator, two-channel scope, high-impedance setting and input check; §7.2.3: cable versus 10x probe control; §7.3: frequency sweep and 0.707 ratio; §7.4: square-wave discharge timing. This is an experimental teaching protocol, not a published measurement dataset.

Adapted by James M. McCormick, credited as J. M. McCormick, from an exercise used at the University of Kansas. This credit identifies the adaptation author of this standalone handout. Issued by Truman State University ChemLab and hosted by Truman State University. Last Update: 19 December 2012; this is a revision date.

Online text: chemlab.truman.edu/physical-chemistry/physical-chemistry-laboratory/liquid-vapor-equilibrium-of-a-binary-system/

Cited passages: Introduction, acetone–chloroform system; Procedure, Figure 1 caption and apparatus prose, Table 1, thermometer calibration, corrected pressure, stable-temperature reflux and paired samples; Abbé refractometer readout, pure-solvent and condensate agreement control and evaporation limitation; Table 2 caption and composition conversion; repeated additions paragraph and Results and Analysis. The apparatus caption and prose were inspected, but the apparatus photograph pixels were not. The handout specifies a procedure rather than a measured student dataset; its changing-temperature series is not a direct test of a fixed-temperature activity-coefficient relation.

By Howard DeVoe. Second edition, version 10, released January 2020, as stated on the inspected title page. The copyright page credits the author and thanks the University of Maryland for hosting; the university is the web host, not the book author.

Online text: www2.chem.umd.edu/thermobook/v10-screen.pdf

Cited passages: §9.2.8, printed p. 240, equations 9.2.42–9.2.44; §9.4.2, printed pp. 249–250, equations 9.4.5 and 9.4.8 and ideal-mixture definition; §9.5.1, printed p. 259, reference-state conventions; §9.5.3, printed p. 261, equation 9.5.14, mole-fraction activity coefficients.

Additional cited passages: §9.4.1, printed pp. 248–249; §9.4.3, printed pp. 250–251; §§11.1.1–11.1.2, printed pp. 305–307; printed p. 380, François-Marie Raoult biographical sketch. The version remains second edition, version 10, released January 2020.

Institutional laboratory guide issued by the Physics Department of Worcester Polytechnic Institute for Intermediate Lab 2651. The title page is dated 11 March 2017; the host path does not establish an individual author or course instructor.

Online text: users.wpi.edu/~kwu/Teaching/PH2651/biot-savart-law_MField_2017.pdf

Cited passages: pp. 2–3, §§1.2 and 1.2.1, sensor active area and orientation; pp. 4–5, §§1.2.2–1.2.3, selectable wire loop, position-dependent background subtraction and coil apparatus; p. 9, single-coil checklist, dimensions, current-off control and repeated readings; p. 12, appendix equations (2)–(4). The procedure specifies intended observations; measured experimental results are not asserted.

By Denis Vion, Abdelhanin Aassime, Audrey Cottet, Philippe Joyez, Hugues Pothier, Cristian Urbina, Daniel Esteve, Michel H. Devoret. Published in Science 296, 886–889 (2002). The inspected author preprint is arXiv:cond-mat/0205343v2, revised 29 May 2002. Its internal manuscript date, 21 December 2001, is distinct from preprint revision and journal publication. CEA-Saclay is the authors' affiliation; arXiv hosts the preprint.

Online text: arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0205343

Version and journal metadata: arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0205343

DOI: doi.org/10.1126/science.1069372

Cited passages: PDF pp. 1–2 and Figure 1A–C, circuit apparatus and preparation/readout ports; p. 3, Figure 3A, pulse calibration; pp. 3–4, Figure 3B and Ramsey discussion; p. 4, contrast and noise qualifications; p. 5, notes 29–30. Source figures and experimental curves are not reproduced.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology course, Fall 2013. Course instructor: Barton Zwiebach. Institutional issuer: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; web host: MIT OpenCourseWare. Authorship and document dates are recorded for individual resources, rather than inferred from the instructor role.

Course lecture-notes index: ocw.mit.edu/courses/8-05-quantum-physics-ii-fall-2013/pages/lecture-notes/

By James F. Price. An appendix to Essay 2: Dimensional Analysis of Models and Data Sets. Section 8 credits the experiments, models, code, text and technical figures to the author. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is his affiliation and provides administrative support; MIT OpenCourseWare hosts the appendix in its Topics in Fluid Dynamics resource collection.

Online text: ocw.mit.edu/courses/res-12-001-topics-in-fluid-dynamics-fall-2024/mitres_12_001_f24_appendix.pdf

Inspected version: 9 February 2026, printed on the PDF cover. This version date is distinct from the Fall 2024 resource-collection label; no original publication date is asserted.

Cited passages: PDF cover p. 1, author and February 9, 2026 date; §§2.1–2.3, printed pp. 9–12: parameter control, semitransparent beaker, temperature and dye preparation, volume/time readout, repeatability and bore uncertainty; equations (1)–(2), printed pp. 10–11: head from measured volume, flow from volume/time differences; Fig. 2, printed p. 12: head trajectories and incomplete low-head drainage; §§2.5 and 3.1, printed pp. 15–18, equations (10)–(14) and Fig. 3: ideal speed and empirical discharge normalization; §4 introductory discussion, printed pp. 19–20: protruding cap and surface tension; §5 introduction and §2 apparatus description: viscous outlet-tube effects; §8, printed p. 51: attribution of experiments and technical figures.

Online text: pdfs.semanticscholar.org/77e1/3f407ab09f2539523bf8d29acd1048524a2a.pdf

By Meng Cui and Changhuei Yang.

Published in Optics Express 18(4), 3444–3455, by the Optical Society of America. The printed first-page footer gives online publication on 2 February 2010; the issue footer gives 15 February 2010. Semantic Scholar hosts the linked PDF copy.

DOI: doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.003444

Publication record: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20389354/

Cited passages: §2, Figure 1, pp. 3446–3447, recording and playback geometry; §§3.1–3.2, Figures 2–3, pp. 3447–3450, 532 nm source, sensor/modulator arrangement and calibration; §4.1, Figure 4, p. 3450, readout; §4.2, Figure 6(e–f), pp. 3451–3452, ordinary-mirror displacement control; §§5.1–5.2, Figure 7(a–c), pp. 3452–3453, prepared bead sample, conjugate return and zero-phase control.

David Tong's University of Cambridge lecture notes: www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/aqm/topicsinqm.pdf. Section 3.1.3, printed pp. 71–75, develops the magnetic-moment argument for atomic spin-orbit coupling and its Thomas precession correction.

The laboratory explains how conventional radiocarbon ages, historical half-life conventions and time-varying atmospheric ratios relate to calendar dating.

Official edition: pdg.lbl.gov/2022/

Muon listing: pdg.lbl.gov/2022/listings/rpp2022-list-muon.pdf

Charged-pion mass listing: pdg.lbl.gov/2022/listings/rpp2022-list-pi-plus-minus.pdf

Proton mass listing: pdg.lbl.gov/2022/listings/rpp2022-list-p.pdf

Neutron mass listing: pdg.lbl.gov/2022/listings/rpp2022-list-n.pdf

TIPP 2021 presentation: indico.cern.ch/event/981823/contributions/4295324/attachments/2250469/3818551/KDK_TIPP_2021_pub.pdf

Its potassium-40 decay scheme gives the approximate atomic mass-energy differences of $1.311$ MeV to calcium-40 and $1.505$ MeV to argon-40, and distinguishes capture to an excited argon level from the rare positron branch. The positron kinetic-energy endpoint additionally subtracts $2m_e$ from the atomic mass difference.

The original report by Albert Abraham Michelson and Edward W. Morley describes an interferometer experiment constraining the orientation dependence of light propagation. Scanned report: history.aip.org/exhibits/gap/PDF/michelson.pdf

The original report of the Eddington experiment, based on observations at the total solar eclipse of 29 May 1919.

Official publication: doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1920.0009

Original paper scan: w.astro.berkeley.edu/~kalas/labs/documents/dyson1920.pdf