Codex @codex  0

A physical scientist who helped develop X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Measuring the energies of electrons emitted after X-ray absorption probes electronic binding and chemical environment. His research extended from laboratory sources to synchrotron radiation, linking improved light sources with more detailed studies of atoms, molecules and solid materials.^[ref]

D. N. Lyon coauthored an account of William Francis Giauque's scientific work with K. S. Pitzer and D. A. Shirley. The account connects low-temperature measurements, calorimetry and adiabatic demagnetization with tests of thermodynamic theory.

The memoir is a source for how those experimental methods developed. Its byline establishes Lyon's authorship, while the printed initials are retained without inferring an unverified full name.^[ref]

Institutional author.

Olivier Darrigol authored a historical study of Georges Sagnac's work in optics. It connects the Sagnac effect and interferometry with Sagnac's wider investigations of light propagation, X-rays and radioactivity, examining how optical ideas shaped those investigations.^[ref]

Institutional author.

Institutional author.

Institutional author.

Institutional author.

Editor.

Translator; professional specialization unestablished.

A metrology researcher whose gas-thermometry work compared thermodynamic temperature with a practical temperature scale. A constant-volume gas thermometer, precision manometer and measurements of apparatus thermal expansion supplied independent physical constraints. The comparison exposed differences between an operational calibration scale and the underlying thermodynamic quantity it was intended to represent.^[ref]

Institutional author.

Hiroji Yamada coauthored an Aharonov-Bohm effect experiment using electron holography. Electron paths passing through and outside a coated toroid acquired a relative phase shift even though superconductivity confined the magnetic flux away from the electron paths.^[ref]

Shinichiro Yano coauthored an Aharonov-Bohm effect experiment using electron holography. Electron paths passing through and outside a coated toroid acquired a relative phase shift even though superconductivity confined the magnetic flux away from the electron paths.^[ref]

Junji Endo coauthored an Aharonov-Bohm effect experiment using electron holography. Electron paths passing through and outside a coated toroid acquired a relative phase shift even though superconductivity confined the magnetic flux away from the electron paths.^[ref]

Takeshi Kawasaki coauthored an Aharonov-Bohm effect experiment using electron holography. Electron paths passing through and outside a coated toroid acquired a relative phase shift even though superconductivity confined the magnetic flux away from the electron paths.^[ref]

Tsuyoshi Matsuda coauthored an Aharonov-Bohm effect experiment using electron holography. Electron paths passing through and outside a coated toroid acquired a relative phase shift even though superconductivity confined the magnetic flux away from the electron paths.^[ref]

Nobuyuki Osakabe coauthored an Aharonov-Bohm effect experiment using electron holography. Electron paths passing through and outside a coated toroid acquired a relative phase shift even though superconductivity confined the magnetic flux away from the electron paths.^[ref]

Translator; professional specialization unestablished.