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The sensory apparatus supported by the basilar membrane and containing cochlear hair cells. Their mechanotransduction helps convert vibration into auditory signals.

The property of being a closed subset in a specified ambient topological space. In a metric space, a subset has this property exactly when it contains the limits of all its convergent sequences whose limits lie in the ambient space.

A wheel that oscillates about a spindle and regulates a watch through an escapement. In the ideal balance-spring model, a torsion spring supplies torque $-\kappa \varphi$ and the wheel has moment of inertia $I$, giving $I\ddot{\varphi }+\kappa \varphi =0$. The period follows from simple harmonic motion. Real spring, bearing and escapement effects disturb this ideal.

A mechanism coupling a clock's oscillator to its driven gear train: it releases the train in controlled steps and supplies impulses that compensate the oscillator's energy losses. The balance wheel or pendulum regulates the release, while the energy ultimately comes from the clock's power source.

An examination lamp used as an adjunct in some skin assessments; its appearance is interpreted with the clinical findings.

In this idealized greenhouse-weathering model, temperature adjusts rapidly when $ϵ\ll 1$, giving $\theta \simeq \Gamma (P-1)$. The remaining carbon balance has equilibrium $\mu \log P_{\ast }+\Gamma (P_{\ast }-1)=\log v$. For positive $\mu ,\Gamma$, the left side has derivative $\mu /P+\Gamma >0$ and ranges from minus infinity to infinity, so there is exactly one positive equilibrium for every sustained positive source $v$.

Linearization of the reduced carbon equation gives dimensionless decay rate $v(\Gamma +\mu /P_{\ast })$, hence dimensional relaxation time $t_C/[v(\Gamma +\mu /P_{\ast })]$. Its negative feedback is increased weathering when either temperature or carbon pressure rises. The two-variable equilibrium is also linearly stable: its Jacobian has negative trace and determinant $v(\mu /P_{\ast }+\Gamma )/ϵ>0$. A fast radiative response therefore does not imply a fast carbon-cycle response. Linearized radiative coefficients must be calibrated at a consistent reference state before numerical use.

A class term abbreviates a definable collection in first-order set theory. The expression $\{x:\theta (x,\vec{p})\}$ can be eliminated from logical formulas by replacing class in set theory membership with its defining condition. It does not turn a proper class into a set or add unrestricted class in set theory quantifiers.

A strong whole-part relationship in a UML class diagram, conventionally marked by a filled diamond at the whole. It expresses exclusive composite ownership and associated lifetime constraints. A stored reference or observer-registration association alone does not establish composition: the same observer may be registered with several subjects unless the design forbids it.

An alkaloid isolated from cinchona bark, historically called quinia. The free base and quinine sulfate have different solubilities.

A cinchona alkaloid less soluble in diethyl ether than quinine; this difference underlies a historical purity screen.