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A renal tubular cast containing white blood cells; a sign of intrarenal inflammation, not a diagnosis of one specific cause.

Historical description of transient functional obstruction attributed to muscular spasm. It must be distinguished from a fixed fibrotic urethral stricture and from other causes of urinary retention.

A structural diagram showing software classes or object interfaces, their attributes and operations, and relationships such as class inheritance and associations. A hollow triangle points toward a more general classifier; a dashed realization line distinguishes implementation of an interface. A plain association does not assert exclusive lifetime ownership of the referenced object.

Describe an interaction through participant lifelines and ordered messages. Time usually proceeds downward. Calls, replies and execution intervals show how participants cooperate in one scenario, with optional fragments for alternatives or repetition. The diagram emphasizes message ordering across participants.

Describe the possible states of a system and transitions triggered by events, optionally constrained by guards and accompanied by actions. The diagram emphasizes a component's lifecycle and permitted reactions. It can describe many interaction traces, while a sequence diagram focuses on the temporal ordering of messages in an interaction.

An ulcer arising with destruction of intestinal lymphoid tissue in typhoid fever. The classical larger lesion follows the longitudinal shape of a Peyer's patch.

Diarrhoea occurring during typhoid fever. The stool symptom does not measure the severity of systemic infection or exclude intestinal complications.

The data type of the value produced by a function or object method when it returns normally.

For $\dot{u}=\mu -u-\gamma f/ϵ$ and $\dot{v}=f/ϵ$, total scaled calcium $w$ changes only on the external-input/extrusion time scale. Fast motion therefore follows lines $u+\gamma v=\mathrm{constant}$. The fast normal eigenvalue on $f=0$ is $f_v-\gamma f_u$, so $f_v<0$ alone does not establish attraction. If $v=V(u)$, the slow equation is $\dot{u}=(\mu -u)/(1+\gamma V^{\prime }(u))$. Folds of this reduced description satisfy $V^{\prime }=-1/\gamma$.

For $J=\beta u^2/(1+u^2)$ and $K=u^4/(1+u^4)$ with small leak $\delta$, the positive nullcline is unique at each $u$ because its derivative with respect to $v$ is strictly negative. Its asymptotic regions are a high-store balance $v\simeq (J-K)/\delta$, a crossing balance near $J(u_c)=K(u_c)$, and a negligible-leak balance $v^2/(1+v^2)\simeq J/K$. The crossing relation is $(K_c^{\prime }-J_c^{\prime })(u-u_c)\simeq K_c/v^2-\delta v$. These describe one continuous curve, not three distinct equilibria at a fixed cytoplasmic concentration.

The unique equilibrium has $u=\mu$ and $f=0$. Its determinant is $-f_v/ϵ>0$ and trace is $-1+(f_v-\gamma f_u)/ϵ$. Thresholds are obtained from the two displayed equations, and a positive-trace interval exists only if the fast normal derivative rises above $ϵ$. At a nondegenerate trace crossing, the linear oscillation frequency is $\sqrt{-f_v/ϵ}$. The sign of a nonlinear Hopf coefficient is needed to classify the local periodic branch; in a bounded positive planar flow, a unique repelling equilibrium also allows a Poincaré-Bendixson existence argument for a periodic orbit.

A historical pathological name for a small nodular lesion. Chemical examination can characterize the material in a lesion without establishing its infectious cause. The word does not name one pure chemical compound.

A trust-region method approximately minimizes a local model inside a bounded neighborhood, then tests the step using the trust-region acceptance ratio. Poor agreement rejects the trial and shrinks the radius; sufficient agreement accepts it; very good agreement may justify expanding the radius. A fraction of Cauchy decrease gives a quantitative minimum quality for approximate subproblem solves. The radius is an adaptive measure of the model's usable range, rather than a prescribed sequence tending to zero.

A direct tree fold gives a parent operation only its children's folded summaries. If two different children have equal summaries, the parent cannot distinguish them. For a leaf-labelled binary tree, a function returning proper subtrees maps every leaf to []. A direct fold with precisely that result type would therefore map every two-leaf tree to the same result, despite their possibly different labels. This rules out that direct fold, while permitting a richer folded summary followed by projection.