Complex torus (${\mathbb{C}}^n/\Lambda$)

A complex torus is a quotient ${\mathbb{C}}^n/\Lambda$ by a discrete subgroup $\Lambda \cong {\mathbb{Z}}^{2n}$ spanning ${\mathbb{C}}^n$ over $\mathbb{R}$. Translation-invariant differential forms descend to the quotient.

The tangent bundle of a complex torus is holomorphically trivial with a flat Hermitian metric. Apply the curvature formula for a holomorphic subbundle to $TV\subset TM{|}_V$: its determinant dual $K_V$ has semipositive curvature. For a closed smooth hypersurface, adjunction for a smooth submanifold identifies $K_V$ with the restriction of its divisor line bundle. Thus a positive ambient line bundle remains positive on the hypersurface after tensoring by any nonnegative power of the restricted divisor bundle.

With a chosen lattice basis and complex coordinates on ${\mathbb{C}}^n$, the columns of the period matrix are the coordinate vectors of the lattice generators. It identifies a real coordinate vector $t$ on the universal covering space with $z=\Omega t$.

Averaging a Kähler form over translations with normalized Haar measure gives an invariant Kähler form in the same de Rham cohomology class. Positivity is preserved by averaging positive values on $(v,Jv)$, and the class is unchanged because translations are homotopic to the identity. Thus any Hodge metric on a complex torus can be replaced by an invariant one.

Every holomorphic map $V_1/{\Lambda }_1\to V_2/{\Lambda }_2$ lifts to $z\mapsto Az+x$, where $A$ is a complex-linear map satisfying $A{\Lambda }_1\subseteq {\Lambda }_2$. Period differences of a lift lie in the discrete target Euclidean lattice, so its derivative is periodic. Boundedness on a compact fundamental domain and the Liouville theorem make this derivative constant. The linear map is unique, and the translation vector is determined modulo ${\Lambda }_2$.

Negation is a biholomorphic involution of $E=\mathbb{C}/\Lambda$. Its fixed points satisfy $2z\in \Lambda$, so they are indexed by the four elements of $\frac{1}{2}\Lambda /\Lambda$.

Away from the four fixed points, negation acts freely and the quotient map is a holomorphic double covering. Near a fixed point, an invariant coordinate is $w=z^2$, so the quotient extends across the image as a Riemann surface and the map has ramification index two. The Riemann-Hurwitz formula giveshence the quotient has genus zero and is biholomorphic to the Riemann sphere.

Every holomorphic map $f:\mathbb{C}\to \mathbb{C}/\Lambda$ is constant or surjective. It lifts to an entire function $F:\mathbb{C}\to \mathbb{C}$. If $F$ is nonconstant, the Little Picard theorem says it omits at most one point, while every fiber of $\mathbb{C}\to \mathbb{C}/\Lambda$ is an infinite lattice coset; hence every point of the torus has a preimage under $f$.

Let ${\pi }_{\Lambda }:\mathbb{C}\to \mathbb{C}/\Lambda$ and ${\pi }_{{\Lambda }^{\prime }}:\mathbb{C}\to \mathbb{C}/{\Lambda }^{\prime }$ be the universal covering maps of two one-dimensional complex tori. Every holomorphic map $f:\mathbb{C}/\Lambda \to \mathbb{C}/{\Lambda }^{\prime }$ has a holomorphic lift between one-dimensional complex tori $F:\mathbb{C}\to \mathbb{C}$ satisfying ${\pi }_{{\Lambda }^{\prime }}\circ F=f\circ {\pi }_{\Lambda }$, and every such lift is an affine functionwith $a\Lambda \subseteq {\Lambda }^{\prime }$. Indeed, for $\lambda \in \Lambda$, the continuous function $F(z+\lambda )-F(z)$ takes values in the discrete set ${\Lambda }^{\prime }$ and is therefore constant. Hence $F^{\prime }$ is $\Lambda$-periodic. It is bounded on a compact fundamental parallelogram and therefore on the complex plane, so the Liouville theorem makes $F^{\prime }$ constant. If $f$ preserves the identity and the lift is chosen with $F(0)=0$, then $b=0$ and the lift is a linear map.

Every identity-preserving biholomorphism of $\mathbb{C}/\Lambda$ lifts to multiplication by a nonzero complex number $\zeta$ satisfying $\zeta \Lambda =\Lambda$. Relative to a $\mathbb{Z}$-basis of $\Lambda$, multiplication by $\zeta$ is represented by a unimodular matrix $A\in {\mathrm{GL}}_2(\mathbb{Z})$. Its real determinant is $|\zeta {|}^2$, while complex multiplication preserves orientation, so $\det A=1$ and $|\zeta |=1$. The Cayley-Hamilton theorem givesConsequently $2\mathrm{Re}\zeta =\mathrm{tr}(A)\in \{-2,-1,0,1,2\}$, and $\zeta$ is a root of unity of order $1$, $2$, $3$, $4$, or $6$.

A Riemann form on $V/\Gamma$ is a Hermitian form $H$ whose imaginary part is integer-valued on $\Gamma \times \Gamma$. Its imaginary part is equivalently an integral alternating form compatible with the complex structure.

On $\mathbb{C}/(\mathbb{Z}+\mathbb{Z}i)$, a Hermitian form linear in its first argument has integral imaginary part on the period lattice exactly when its real scalar coefficient is integral. Positivity is equivalent to $t>0$. The associated holomorphic line bundle has degree $t$ because its First Chern class is represented by $(it/2)dz\wedge d\overline{z}$. In particular the oriented Chern pairing is minus the imaginary part under this convention.

A complex torus with period matrix of a complex torus $\Omega$ admits a Hodge metric precisely when there is a nonsingular integral skew-symmetric matrix $Q$ satisfying the displayed conditions. The entries of $Q$ are the periods of the invariant Kähler form over lattice two-tori. The first condition imposes type $(1,1)$, and the second imposes positivity; the factor $-i$ corresponds to the convention $\omega (v,Jv)>0$.

A polarization of a complex torus is a positive Riemann form, equivalently the first Chern class of an ample line bundle. It is principal when its alternating form identifies the lattice with its dual.

The Appell–Humbert theorem classifies holomorphic line bundles on a complex torus by a Riemann form together with a compatible semicharacter of its lattice.

For an integral alternating form $E$ arising as the imaginary part of a Hermitian form, a semicharacter satisfies $\alpha (\lambda +\mu )=e^{\pi iE(\lambda ,\mu )}\alpha (\lambda )\alpha (\mu )$. The Appell–Humbert theorem uses this datum together with the Hermitian form to specify a holomorphic line bundle on a complex torus. The ratio of two semicharacters is an ordinary unitary group homomorphism. On the square period lattice, with $H(z,w)=z\overline{w}$, all semicharacters are $\alpha (m+ni)=(-1{)}^{mn}{u}^m{v}^n$ for $u,v\in U(1)$.

A complex subtorus of $V/\Gamma$ is a connected closed complex Lie subgroup. It has the form $V^{\prime }/{\Gamma }^{\prime }$ for a complex subspace $V^{\prime }\subseteq V$ such that ${\Gamma }^{\prime }=V^{\prime }\cap \Gamma$ is a full lattice in $V^{\prime }$.

An isogeny of complex tori is a surjective holomorphic homomorphism with finite kernel. On universal covers it comes from a complex-linear map carrying one lattice into the other with finite index.