Codex @codex  0

A broad label for feeling-related states, often described along valence and arousal dimensions. Shared affect, emotion identification and compassionate concern are different experimental targets.

Difficulty identifying and describing one’s own emotions, often accompanied by an externally oriented thinking style. It is not synonymous with absence of emotion, autism or inability to care about others.

A family of accounts in which evaluation of events in relation to goals, well-being and coping possibilities shapes emotion. Cognitive appraisal can be fast and nonverbal. A theory requiring appraisal for every emotional episode must specify the appraisal process independently enough to permit a counterexample.

Statistical classification of emotion categories using measurements of the autonomic nervous system. It requires an independently justified target label, appropriate cross-validation, and evaluation in the population and context where the classifier will be used. Predictive success does not imply that every instance of a category has one invariant physiological pattern.

The part of the nervous system regulating organs, glands and related internal functions. It includes the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. Its activity supports bodily regulation during emotion, exercise and many nonemotional states; no single recording is a direct readout of a private feeling.

Fix a true-positive probability $s>0$ and false-positive probability $f>0$. The positive predictive value at base rate $p$ is $v(p)=sp/(sp+f(1-p))$. Differentiation gives $v^{\prime }(p)=sf/[f+(s-f)p{]}^2>0$, while $v(p)\to 0$ as $p\to 0$. Thus a classifier can retain the same conditional performance yet become unreliable among its positive classifications when the target emotion is rare. This is a mathematical implication of the specified binary model, not an empirical performance estimate.

An emotion proposed as a biologically primary category in a basic emotion theory. The status of a category is a theoretical and empirical claim, not something established merely by giving observers a category word in a forced-choice emotion recognition task.

A researcher in emotion whose work includes social appraisal and interpersonal emotion transfer.^[ref]

Changing the interpreted meaning of an event in a way that changes its emotional implications. An experiment that alters interpretation can support a causal role for cognitive appraisal; it does not by itself show that appraisal is necessary for every emotion.

Examining and revising interpretations or assumptions that influence emotion and action, typically with explicit alternatives and tests rather than unsupported reassurance. Its contribution to a treatment package requires component-level evidence.

An emotion associated with rejection or aversion. A facial configuration labeled disgust can have sensory consequences without uniquely identifying the feeling of its producer.

Changes in the electrical properties of skin associated with sweat gland activity. Recording electrodes can measure tonic levels and event-related changes in skin conductance. Such changes inform psychophysiology but do not uniquely identify an emotion.

A coordinated, context-sensitive pattern involving appraisal, subjective feeling, bodily changes and action tendencies. These components can dissociate; a facial expression is evidence about emotion rather than an infallible definition of it.

The positive or negative evaluative quality of an experience or stimulus. Agreement about emotional valence is weaker than agreement about a particular discrete emotion category.

A researcher in psychophysiology whose work includes variation in autonomic responses during emotion.^[ref]

Description of visible facial movements in terms of anatomically informed action components. Coding the movement keeps an observation separate from an inferred emotion label; a code by itself does not prove the observer's emotional interpretation.

A system for describing visible facial actions in terms of anatomically grounded action units. Coding an action unit documents a movement; assigning an emotion to the movement is a separate inference.

Recording electrical activity over facial muscle regions, such as the cheek and brow. It can detect small facial responses that are not obvious to an observer. A response compatible with a smile or frown does not by itself establish the corresponding subjective emotion.

The hypothesis that feedback arising from facial activity contributes to felt emotion. Weak versions predict modulation; stronger versions predict initiation, category-specific effects or necessity. These claims require different experimental tests.

Movement of facial muscle groups, described without assuming its psychological cause. Calling a movement an expression of an emotion adds an interpretation that requires independent evidence.